• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.330-338
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• 2018

The aims of this study were to investigate the perception of confectionery bakers working in Gyeongnam province for food allergy and to find ways to improve and manage food allergy in confectionery and bakery. The questionnaire was composed of general questions and other questions related to food allergy in confectionery and bakery, and the questionnaires were distributed to the bakers working in Gyeongnam. Sixty nine of 102 confectioneries and bakeries responded to this study, and 60 (87.0%) out of 69 people were aware or had heard about food allergy. However, 54 (78.3%) out of 69 lacked prior education about the management of food allergy. Fifty one (73.9) of 69 people responded that they strongly considered food allergy in the manufacture of the products, but they were not educated about the management of food allergens and symptoms of food allergy. Confectionery bakers were aware about food allergies, but did not label food allergen on the products and have a specific management for food allergens at the work site. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the confectionery bakers about food allergy and to develop and distribute a manage program of food allergens in the field. The result from the present study could be used as basic data for the investigation of awareness for food allergy of confectionery bakers working in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.646-653
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• 2002

Purpose : The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children has been increasing worldwide recently, which is thought to be related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. We investigated to evaluate the incidence and the characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and also analysed the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods : We investigated 25 children diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus between March 1990 and December 2000. The analysis was performed retrospectively with medical records based on the clinical characteristics and laborotory findings. Results : Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children has been increasing since 1990. We demonstrated an increase in the percentage of type 2 diabetes mellitus children from 5.3% in 1990 to 21.0% in 2000. Sixty eight percent of patients(17/25) were classified as obese group. Initial symptoms at first visit were polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia 48%(12/25), asymptomatic glycosuria 40% (10/25), weight loss 8%(2/25) and obesity 4%(1/25). The mean age at diagnosis was $12.9{\pm}1.8$ years. 64%(16/25) of patients had positive family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Autoanti-bodies were positive in 18.1%(4/22) of patients. Twenty eight percent (7/25) of patients had an associated disease and two patients had fatty liver in association with obesity. Treatment consisted of diet, exercise, education and oral hypoglycemic agents. Three patients were treated with insulin as well as oral hypoglycemic agents because of poor blood glucose control. Long-term diabetic complications occurred in 4 patients. Intrauterine growth retardtion was found in 34.6%(9/25); 88.9% (8/9) of these patients were non-obese group. Conclusion : The increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children is thought to be related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. The non-obese group of patients might be associated with intrauterine growth retardation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2018

The research was aimed to analyze the functional constituents (GABA and isoflavone), radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl) scavenging activities and enzyme (${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and lipase) inhibitory effects of soypowder milk (SPM) and fermented soy-powder milk (FSPM) with varied Lactobacillus brevis. Ten ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacteria that showed 96-99% similarity with L. brevis, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, were isolated from fermented kimchi. The conversion rates of GABA were obtained 66.96-93.51, 63.76-84.58, and 57.05-69.75% in monosodium glutamate, gluten and soy protein, respectively. The levels of pH and glutamic acid of FSPM were found lower than those of SPM, but the acidity and GABA contents were higher. The GABA conversion rate of FSPM with BMK484 strain was attained the highest 69.97%. The contents of isoflavone glycoside ($1290.93{\mu}g/g$) was higher in SPM, but the content of isoflavone aglycone ($287.27-501.9{\mu}g/g$) was higher in FSPM. The levels of isoflavone aglycone such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein, were found as the highest 240.2, 61.24 and $200.45{\mu}g/g$, respectively, when FSPM was made with BMK484 strain. The DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of FSPM made with BMK484 strain were the relatively higher 60.31, 88.10, 61.25, 52.71, and 39.37%, respectively. Therefore, the L. brevis can be used as a material capable of simultaneously enhanced GABA and isoflavone aglycone in FSPM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

This study evaluated treatability of soluble Mn(II) using multifunctional sand media simultaneously coated with iron and manganese. In the preparation of IMCS(Iron and Manganese Coated Sand), 0.05 M Mn(II) solution and Fe(III) solution was mixed with sand at pH 7. The mineral type of IMCS was identified as the mixture of ${\gamma}-MnO_2$, goethite and magnetite($F_{e3}O_4$). The contents of Mn and Fe coated onto sand were 826 and 1676 mg/kg, respectively. The $pH_{pzc}$ of IMCS was measured as 6.40. The removal of soluble Mn(II) using IMCS and oxidants such as NaOCl and $KMnO_4$ was investigated with variation of the solution pH, reaction time and Mn(II) concentration in a batch test. The removal of Mn(II) on IMCS was 34% at pH 7.4 and the removals of Mn(II) on IMCS in the presence of NaOCl(13.6 mg/L) at pH 7 and $KMnO_4$(4.8 mg/L) at pH 7.6 were 96% and 89%, respectively. The removal of Mn(II) using IMCS and oxidants followed a typical cationic type, showing a gradual increase of removal as the solution pH increased. The removal of Mn(II) was rapid in the first 6 hrs and then a constant removal was observed. The maximum removed amount of Mn(II) on IMCS-alone and IMCS in the presence of oxidants such as NaOCl(13.6 mg/L) and $KMnO_4$(4.8mg/L) were 833.3, 1428.6 and 1666.7 mg/kg, respectively. Mn(II) removal onto the IMCS in the presence of oxidants was well described by second-order reaction and Langmuir isotherm expression.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.765-772
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• 2004

Cooking condition of Tarakjuk (milk-rice porridge) was established based on gelatinization temperature using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of roasted Ilpum rice flour, which has highest enzyme-resistant starch (RS) content. Effect of cooking temperature and time on DSC characteristics, crystallity with X ray diffractogram, RS content, in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD), amino acid composition, and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of Tarakjuk were determined. Tarakjuk was cooked at 50, 56.5, 64, and $69^{\circ}C$ for various durations. Rice flour ingredient used was Ilpum, previously roasted at $185^{\circ}C$ for 25 min. Tarakjuk cooked at 50 and $56.5^{\circ}C$ showed two thermal transitions between $63.7-125.2^{\circ}C$ as determined by DSC, corresponding to endotherms of starch gelatinization $(63.7-73.8^{\circ}C)$ and melting of amylose-lipid complex (AM-lipid complex, $97.7-125.2^{\circ}C$), whereas that cooked at 64 and $69^{\circ}C$ showed only AM-lipid complex melting transition between $96.9-127.6^{\circ}C$. As cooking temperature increased, RS content of Tarakjuk decreased, whereas IVSD increased. Total amino acid content was between 11,558-15,601mg/100g, depending on cooking condition used. Compared with conventionally made control, contents of essential amino acids, such as lysine and tryptophane, were higher at 50 and $56.5^{\circ}C$, and IVPD showed higher increase. Results reveal degree of gelatinization in Tarakjuk with high RS content as well as low IVSD and high IVPD, which are important from physiological and nutritional point of view, can be produced by controlling cooking condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1986

This paper aims to study the reactions of lipid or oxidized lipid with protein during drying and storing hair tail fish(Trichurus lepturus) and flounder(Kanakius kitaharai) being generally consumed as dried seafood products in Korea and their influence on the drop of in vitro protein digestibility of these fish meat. The results of the study are as follows: The digestibility of the raw materials of flounder and hair tail fish was 87.63% and 86.08% respectively, and that of sundried and hot air dried materials went down $1{\sim}2$ percent with drying process. But in case of defatted and sundried materials, the rate increased 85.15% and 87.15% respectivley. After 30 days of storage, the digestibility decreased in all materials, and hot air dried meat showed a significant decrease. Trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS) contents of flounder and hair tail fish, in case of raw materials were 0.88 and 0.96mg/g. solid repectiveiy and in case of defatted and sundried materials, TIS contents showed a low increase and digestibility showed a high increase. Brown pigment formation had a wide range of increase in case of the sundried and hot air dried materials and it was increased with duration of storage and temperature. The major fatty acids in the fats of hair tail fish and flounder were $C_{18:1},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{22:6}\;and\;C_{16:1}$ and rate of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 79.2:20.8 for flounder, 67.8:32.2 for hair tail fish. After 30 days of storage at room temperature. saturated fatty acids increased compared with the raw materials while unsaturated fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease. Avaialble lysine of hair tail fish was higher than that of flounder and both of them lost about 8.23% of that in raw materials after 30 days of storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1733-1740
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate foodservice satisfaction in high school boarding students in Busan. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was distributed to 357 students at four high schools in Busan. From the results, 83.8% of students ate breakfast every day, and more female students ate breakfast daily compared to male students (P<0.05). However, 53.2% of students ate 'almost-all' amounts of breakfast compared to lunch (86.6%) and dinner (87.5%). The average students' foodservice satisfaction score was 4.04/5.00. The highest satisfaction category was sanitation, followed by the service and food categories. Freshmen showed significantly higher foodservice satisfaction than junior students in terms of service (P<0.05), sanitation (P<0.05), and food categories (P<0.01). As for satisfaction of each meal, breakfast scored 3.15, lunch scored 4.04 and dinner scored 4.12, whereas male students showed significantly higher satisfaction than female students in breakfast (P<0.05) and dinner (P<0.05). Freshmen showed significantly higher satisfaction than juniors in breakfast (P<0.001), lunch (P<0.001), and dinner (P<0.001). As for meal type preference of each meal, female students strongly preferred Korean food for breakfast (P<0.01). This research suggests that it is necessary to improve breakfast satisfaction by developing a variety of menu items.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2011

Objectives: To investigate the experience and competence of physicians providing emergency medical services at public health sub-centers on remote Korean islands. Methods: This study enrolled 79 doctors who work at public health sub-centers on remote Korean islands. Data were collected in December 2009 via self-administered e-mail questionnaires. The response rate was 44.3%. Results: Emergent situations occurred at most (58.68%) of the public health sub-centers that were surveyed in December 2009. An average of 1.92 cases required treatment by public health physicians. Only 20.25% of the physicians were specialists in emergency medicine, while the remainder were general practitioners (GPs) without clinical experience as emergency doctors. We also found that the physicians we surveyed had insufficient knowledge of emergency medical care. At some health centers only one doctor was available, and there was no medical team in holiday, although most of the physicians indicated that the ideal number of doctors per center was two or three. In cases of emergency, patients were often sent to the mainland by ship without receiving first-aid treatment. The public health sub-centers lacked the necessary medical equipment to save lives in emergencies and lacked escort systems for emergency patients. Conclusions: The Korean government should address the importance of providing emergency care in remote areas. Health administrators should provide suitable manpower, medical equipment, guidelines for emergency medicine, and education for public health physicians on remote islands.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.360-377
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• 2016

Since after the 1986 economic reform policy(Doi Moi), the central highland in Vietnam has transformed into one of the largest coffee producing areas. The transformation had been supported by mass migration of ethnic Kinhs from the coastal lowland. It did not take long for the Kinh migrants to be the ethnic majority in the region. Meanwhile the growth of coffee industry entailed in socio-economic disparity, specially between Kinh migrants and native ethnic minorities. The disparity has becomed obvious not only between coffee farming Kinhs and non-coffee farming ethnic minorities but also between coffee farming Kinhs and ehtnic minorities. The previous literatures highlight the lack of human and social capital and the lagging modernization in ethnic minority societies. However, they fall short in showing the explicit processes why ethnic minority coffee farmers earn less than ethnic majority counterparts. With a case study of Dak Lak province, this research attempts to show the reason why there is income gap between Kinh and ethnic minority Ede coffee farmers by comparing their ways of producing coffee and selling their products. The results show that Ede's land productivity is significantly lower than Kinh's. It is because Ede farmers use less fertilizer due to the shortage of the capital. Also they often get into debt for coffee production and should pay it back right after the harvest. It deprives them of chance to raise earning by selling the coffee beans at a higher price.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.2 s.103
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• pp.177-188
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• 2004

This study is aimed at providing the variables associated with adolescent compliance In orthodontic treatment, and identifies the salient predictors of cooperative behaviors over the course of treatment. Orthodontic attitude scale, orthodontic locus of control scale and demographics data were obtained for 60 adolescent orthodontic patients who had been in treatment a minimum of 10 months. This data was then analyzed in relation to their sex, school age and treatment compliance. The following results were obtained. 1. The scoring of external-powerful others-parents, subscale of the Orthodontic Locus of Control scale, found a statistically significant difference between sex differences (p<0.05). The score of boys was higher than that of girls. 2. The external-powerful others-parents score from the Orthodontic Locus of Control scale showed a significantly positive correlation (p<0.05) with the level of compliance. 3. The salient factors associated with compliance were the adolescent patients' own cognition and decisions. 4. There was a statistically significant correlation between the length of treatment and patient compliance (p<0.05). Thus, there was a substantial decrease in the cooperation of orthodontic patients over time. 5. Other independent variables including age, sex, family environment, religion, academic standing, parents' occupation and education, and brushing frequency were investigated and did not yield any significant relationships. Patient compliance is a critical factor in the efficacy of orthodontic treatment. Individuals vary greatly in their perceptions and attitudes of orthodontic treatment, sociodemographic environments and personality characteristics. In assessing the level of compliance attainable by each individual patient it is advisable To pay sufficient attention not only to the technical matters but also to the psychologic aspects of the treatment progress.