• 교육시설
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.27-40
• /
• 2001

The opinion on merits and defects caused the unified-closed of a school facilities have collected by a people and government since the unified-closed system was enforced. There is a problem that the data occurring in the middle of the unified-closed is not analized. Therefore, in this study the target is elementary schools in kyung-gi province which did the unified-closed. First, this study is for analysing which condition influenced to make them. Second, it is for understanding the problems occurred in the process of the unified-closed and presenting the direction of improvement. Third, it is for setting up the planned guide by classification of school facility for the unified-closed which considers the previous problems sufficiently. The range of the study treats of general trend and analysis about the unified-closed of elementary school. The core subject is to analyse the standard and classification of the unified-closed of the object school by the policy of the unified-closed and to compare the carried process of the case school.

• 교육시설 논문지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.21-31
• /
• 2012

According to the decrease in birth rate and reduction of population in rural area, primary schools have brought about many problems for decrease of number of student, and environment of education have became deteriorated. Accordingly, primary schools be required improvement, and it should be altered placement of schools because it change number of student, distance and time of attending school, and formation of school zone are changed by alternating of human and physical environment. Merger and abolition of primary school is inevitable for change of placement standard to primary school and qualitative improvement of environment of education in rural area. This study suggests the effective space planning methods for unified school and appropriate utilization alternatives for closed school following after the merger and abolition of small rural schools. In doing so, it explores the present models of merger and abolition through analysis of all sort of actual condition and the possibilities for various utilizations of the abolished schools. It proposes a classroom-operation type fused the comprehensive class and departmental class system for merged primary schools in rural area. It also suggests the re-use methods of closed school facilities for students and community. Finally, it emphasizes that in order to success the policy of the merger and abolition of small schools, it be attributed to the social-cultural environment based on local residents and community and required provision of a variety of utilization plans reflecting local specifics and guarantee of local residents' participation and selection.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2023

This study aims to provide implications for Korea's efficient application policies for closed schools by identifying the current status of how closed schools are revitalized in Japan and their supportive measures. In Japan, a total of 2,215 schools have closed from 1992 to 2001, and 8,580 schools from 2002 to 2020, with 10,709 closures occurring from 1992 to 2020. The average number is about 369 per year. In terms of the overall trend, the number of closed schools have been put into use and the numbers have increased from 70% in 2013 to 74% in 2020. To summarize the characteristics of the use, first, there is a complex phenomenon in which the use of closed schools are becoming more diverse. Second, closed schools are most often revitalized as educational facilities for residents, followed by social sports facilities, social education facilities and cultural facilities. Third, the use of closed schools in the industries are increasing as they are used as "corporal facilities and start-up support facilities". In order to promote the use of closed schools, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan promoted the simplification and elasticity of property disposal procedures in 2008. Since 2010, the disclosure of information on closed facilities and matching service between providers and users have been unified through the "Let's Connect to the Future ~ Closed School for All" project. The Cabinet Office including the four offices, and five central governments are advocating the use of closed schools by promoting subsidy support projects.

• 로봇학회논문지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.129-141
• /
• 2018

This paper proposes a unified framework that overcomes four motion constraints including joint limit, kinematic singularity, algorithmic singularity and obstacles. The proposed framework is based on our previous works which can insert or remove tasks continuously using activation parameters and be applied to avoid joint limit and singularity. Additionally, we develop a method for avoiding obstacles and combine it into the framework to consider four motion constraints simultaneously. The performance of the proposed framework was demonstrated by simulation tests with considering four motion constraints. Results of the simulations verified the framework's effectiveness near joint limit, kinematic singularity, algorithmic singularity and obstacles. We also analyzed sensitivity of our algorithm near singularity when using closed loop inverse kinematics depending on magnitude of gain matrix.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.473-481
• /
• 2012

For a mesa-isolated small geometry SOI MOSFET, the potentials in the silicon film, front, back, and side-wall oxide layers can be derived three-dimensionally. Using Taylor's series expansions of the trigonometric functions, the derived potentials are written in terms of the natural length that can be determined by using the derived formula. From the derived 3-D potentials, the minimum values of the front and the back surface potentials are derived and used to obtain the closed-form expressions for the front and back gate threshold voltages as functions of various device parameters and applied bias voltages. Obtained results can be found to explain the drain-induced threshold voltage roll-off and the narrow width effect of a fully depleted small geometry SOI MOSFET in a unified manner.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2011

A two-dimensional analytical model for deriving the threshold voltage of a short channel fully depleted (FD) cylindrical/surrounding gate MOSFET (CGT/SGT) is suggested. By taking into account the lateral variation of the surface potential, introducing the natural length expression, and using the Bessel functions of the first and the second kinds of order zero, we can derive potentials in the gate oxide layer and the silicon core fully two-dimensionally. Making use of these potentials, the minimum surface potential can be obtained to derive the threshold voltage as a closed-form expression in terms of various device parameters and applied voltages. Obtained results can be used to explain the drain-induced threshold voltage roll-off of a CGT/SGT in a unified manner.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
• /
• 제11B권2호
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 2001

This paper proposes a new strategy to estimate the rotor flux of an induction machine for the direct field oriented control. Electrical model of the induction machine presents the basic idea based on observer structure, which is composed of voltage model and current model. But the former has the defects in low speed range, the latter has the defects of sensitivity to machine parameters. In spite of these shortcomings, the closed loop flux observer based on two models has been prevalent estimation method for the direct field oriented control. In this paper, generalized analysis method named "observer characteristic function method"is proposed to analyze the kinds of the linear flux observers in unified form. With the observer characteristic function, the estimated rotor flux error involved in the classical methods can be easily clarified. Moreover, the novel rotor flux observer based on this analysis is also presented and the effectiveness of the observer has been verified by the simulation and experimental results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제53권5호
• /
• pp.997-1016
• /
• 2015

The contribution of tensioned concrete between cracks (tension-stiffening) cannot be ignored when analysing deformation of reinforced concrete elements. The tension-stiffening effect is crucial when it comes to adequately estimating the load-deformation response of steel reinforced concrete and the more recently appeared fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete. This paper presents a unified methodology for numerical modelling of the tension-stiffening effect in steel as well as FRP reinforced flexural members using the concept of equivalent deformation modulus and the smeared crack approach to obtain a modified stress-strain relation of the reinforcement. A closed-form solution for the equivalent secant modulus of deformation of the tensioned reinforcement is proposed for rectangular sections taking the Eurocode 2 curvature prediction technique as the reference. Using equations based on general principles of structural mechanics, the main influencing parameters are obtained. It is found that the ratio between the equivalent stiffness and the initial stiffness basically depends on the product of the modular ratio and reinforcement ratio ($n{\rho}$), the effective-to-total depth ratio (d/h), and the level of loading. The proposed methodology is adequate for numerical modelling of tension-stiffening for different FRP and steel reinforcement, under both service and ultimate conditions. Comparison of the predicted and experimental data obtained by the authors indicates that the proposed methodology is capable to adequately model the tension-stiffening effect in beams reinforced with FRP or steel bars within wide range of loading.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.140-147
• /
• 2011

The injection nozzle of an electro-hydraulic injector for the common rail Diesel fuel injection system is being opened and closed by movement of a injector's needle which is balanced by pressure at the nozzle seat and at the needle control chamber, at the opposite end of the needle. In this study, the slenoid actuator was considered as a prime movers in high pressure Diesel injector. Namely a solenoid-driven Diesel injector with different driving current types, as a general method driven by solenoid coil energy, has been applied with a purpose to develop the analysis model of the solenoid actuator to predict the dynamics characteristics of the hydraulic component (injector) by using the AMESim code. Aimed at simulating the hydraulic behavior of the solenoid-driven injector, the circuit model has been developed as a unified approach to mechanical modeling in this study. As this analytic results, we know the suction force and first order time lag for driving force can be endowed in solenoid-driven injector in controlling the injection rate. Also it can predict that the input current wave exerted on solenoid coil is the dominant factor which affects on the initial needle behavior of solenoid-driven injector than the hydraulic force generated by the constant injection pressure.

• 한국지리정보학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 2016

CCTV는 국토교통부 통합운영센터와 행정자치부 통합관제센터가 제공하는 유비쿼터스 서비스의 근간을 이루는 시설이다. 그러나 CCTV는 각 부처별로 운영 관리 되는 만큼 각기 다른 법제도에 따라 설치 후 관리되고 있다. 또한, 법제도상에 통일된 관리 근거가 부재하여 실제 관리를 담당하는 각 지자체에서는 부처별 개별 기준에 의해 분산적으로 관리하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 통합적 관리방안 마련을 위해 표준화된 관리대장 작성을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해서 우선적으로 법제도와 공공데이터 개방에 따른 공개 자료 및 실무담당자 인터뷰를 통해 CCTV관리 현황을 분석하여 이를 기반으로 지자체에서 CCTV 설치 사업을 위해 발주한 나라장터의 시방서를 참고하여 통합관리목적의 요구사항을 도출하였다. 통합적 관리차원의 관리대장은 이와 같이 도출된 구성요소를 바탕으로 U-City의 지능화된 시설들과의 연계성 및 관리이력항목을 추가하여 작성하였다. 통합관리를 위한 관리대장은 다부처에서 설치한 CCTV일지라도 관리 기록되는 내용이 공통적으로 작성되도록 하였으며, 공동 이용을 위한 요구조건을 확인할 수 있도록 장비 검색이 용이하도록 하였다. 본 연구 결과는 통합운영센터에서 장비의 통합관리를 위한 시설물관리시스템의 DB구축에 기여할 수 있을 것이며, CCTV의 구성요인들을 고려하여 적정입지 선정과 CCTV의 촬영범위에 대한 상세한 시뮬레이션에 활용될 것으로 기대한다.