• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.20-32
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• 1991

This study seeks a way a way of dealing with unformatted natural language considering fuzzy set theory. The goal of the study is to establish a framework of an effective language understanding system that is linked to language classification system This study has found that languate understanding is strongly influenced by the language classification. The understanding of language. This study shows that the precision of language classification depends upon the way of how the language is classified in advance. In this study, a fuzzy logic was used to improve the precision of language classification. It was considered that the fuzzy logic might be albe to distinctively classify nuatural language texts into pretinent homogenious groups where contents of the language were identical. Accordingly, in the study, it was expected that classification of language were precisely classified by the fuzzy logic. An experimentalsystems was designed to evaluate the performane of a natural language understanding system that was connected to a fuzzy language classification system. Finally, the experiment suggests that a successful language understanding should require an real time interaction between mem andmachine fuzzy provious language classification.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2013

This study aims to reveal understanding of general users on pattern identification questionnaire items from published papers. 132 questionnaire items were selected from five papers which studied reliability and validity of survey items for pattern identification. 36 general participants answered understanding degree on each items, 11 experts also responded clinical utilizability on these. 6 questionnaire items had different recognition between general participants and experts, which were well used items to diagnose for experts, not easily understood to general participants. This study is the first work to analyze pattern identification's item understanding of general participants. Diversified subject population should be involved in further studies for assessment of general participants' understanding degree of questionnaire items.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.109-126
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese parents' reaction to their children's negative emotions and how these reactions relate to their children's understanding of emotions. Forty-two Chinese children (aged 4) and their parents participated in this study. Coping with Children's Negative Emotion Scale was given to parents to assess their reaction to their children's negative emotions. Children's emotional understanding was assessed using the modified emotional false-belief task and mixed emotion task. The results showed that Chinese parents gave supportive reactions more than non-supportive reactions to their children, and no difference in sex was found. The percentages of correct answers to false-belief task and mixed emotion task were low with no gender difference in both tasks. When age and sex of children were controlled, only fathers' supportive reactions to children's negative emotions significantly explained the variances in the level of children's understanding of emotions in both tasks. That is, children whose fathers showed greater supportive reactions to their negative emotions performed better at both tasks. It was concluded that fathers' supportive reactions to their children's negative emotions are very influential for emotional understanding among 4-year-old children in China.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1987

The primary purpose of this study was to assess understanding of concrete and formal operational science content by concrete and formal operational students in secondary school physical science classes. To carry out this study subjects were selected from junior high schools of over 2500 students, and they were identified as concrete, transitional, or formal operational using GALT(Group Assessment of Logical Thinking) developed by Roadrangka, Yeany and Padilla(1983). Instructional objectives were extracted from the science content taught during the second term of the academic year in the 7th, 8th and 9th grade, and they were classified as concrete or formal operational. Written test involving those objectives were constructed and administered. The results of this study suggested that formal operational thought brought deeper understanding to concrete science content as well as formal science content. Differential effects by sex on understanding of both concrete and formal science content were contradictory through the grade levels. Results of multiple comparison tests suggested that students categorized as formal operational demonstrated no better understanding of concrete science content than those categorized as transitional. However, they demonstrated better understanding of formal science content.

• Architectural research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

This research has acquired preliminary information about the existing conditions and understanding of members regarding time management for members in the architectural field. The goal of this research is to construct a basis for the time management education framework in architectural field in the future. This research mainly focuses on following questions based on limited objectives: Do groups of academics and professionals have understanding and knowledge of time management? Can the level of an individual's scheduling techniques be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Can the time management practice status in individual's working environment be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Can an individual's self-confidence level be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Data have been collected through comprehensive questionnaires given to academics and professionals in United States. By means of statistical analysis, the hidden patterns, deficiencies and relationships in attitudes about time management have been revealed. The statistical analysis has produced conclusions that, among several subdivisions, self-discipline and planning have strong relationships and confidence, personal organization, control, and information gathering subdivisions have certain relationships with objectives of time management education in this research.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.117-136
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• 2012

이 연구는 정규분포에 대한 교수학적 변환 방식과 학생들의 이해의 특징을 분석함으로써 고등학교 통계 단원에서 정규분포를 지도하는 것과 관련된 시사점을 얻는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 정규분포의 역사 발생 과정과 학문적 지식으로서 정규분포의 의미를 확인하여 정규분포의 교수학적 변환 방식을 살펴보기 위한 4개의 분석 관점을 추출하고 이를 토대로 미국, 영국, 우리나라 교과서의 정규분포에 대한 교수학적 변환 방식을 분석하였다. 또한 정규분포에 대한 학생들의 이해 특징과 관련된 선행 연구 결과를 살펴봄으로써 고등학생들의 정규분포에 대한 이해의 특징을 기술하는데 필요한 분석 관점을 4가지로 구체화하였으며, 이를 토대로 분석한 학생들의 이해 특징을 4가지로 요약하였다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1529-1548
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to explore an effect of class teaching method of utilizing a pictogram on understanding of safety terms by the Hearing Impaired students. For this objective, a class teaching utilizing a pictogram was performed by targeting 4 students (elementary school 6th graders)with auditory disability for app. 3 months during the period from July, 2015 to September and through repeated measurement, an effect of class teaching utilizing pictogram on their understanding of safety terms was analyzed. The result of this study is as follows. First, class teaching utilizing pictogram was effective for enhancing understanding of safety terms. Second, such teaching was effective for promoting interest in safety terms. Through these results, it could be concluded that such teaching method provided an opportunity of enhancing understanding of the students with auditory disability for safety terms. In addition, the result of this study implies that pictogram teaching method being designed to deliver the meaning of target easily and promptly becomes a major factor of exerting a positive influence on understanding of safety terms by the students with auditory disability.

• 한국보육학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.231-246
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• 2018

본 연구는 유아통합교육기관에 근무하는 유아특수교사들의 장애이해교육에 대한 경험과 어려움 및 적합한 장애이해교육을 위해 필요한 요구들에 대하여 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 통합교육 현장에서 장애 이해교육을 실행한 경험이 있는 유아특수교사 3명을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 자료수집방법으로는 개별 심층면담 및 현장관찰이 활용되었고 연구 참여자별로 면담은 2-3회 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 수집된 자료를 통하여 분석해 본 결과 (1) 통합교육현장에서의 유아특수교사의 어려움 (2) 장애이해교육에 대한 경험 (3) 효과적인 장애이해교육을 위한 요구의 3가지 주제와 12개의 하위주제가 도출되었다. 교사들은 통합현장에서 역할과 위치의 모호함, 전문성의 신장, 정돈되지 못한 체제 내에서의 어려움을 느끼고 있었으며, 편견을 조성하거나, 교사의 역량에 따른 편차가 크거나, 적합한 방법을 지각하지 못하거나, 성인 및 유아들의 높지 않은 관심이 장애이해교육의 장애물이 될 수 있음을 지각하였다. 마지막으로 효과적인 장애이해교육을 위하여, 지도메뉴얼의 개발, 행정체계의 개선, 장애이해교육에 대한 인식의 변화, 유아들의 경험에 기반을 둔 장애이해교육이 필요하다는 결과가 도출되었다. 도출된 주제에 따른 결과를 기반으로 통합교육 현장에서 효과적인 장애이해교육을 위해 필요한 시사점에 대하여 논의하였다.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.205-226
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• 2008

The purpose of the study you have seen is to verify the effectiveness of existing quantitative research and to put the Empathy Training Program to practical use for participating children. From looking into this, the changes in empathic understanding that came to light in relationships between teacher and children and children and children are sure to have that effect. For this work, I established the following subject of inquiry: What kind of changing processes can be seen in the empathic understanding of participating children in the Empathy Training Program? To resolve the above line of inquiry, six female sixth grade elementary school students were chosen and they progressed through twelve sessions of the Empathy Training Program. The children were given a sentence completion exam, recognition work, neat writing exam and a school adaptation exam both before and after participation in the program, making data for analysis. To analyze, first, participants had one or two meetings of forty to fifty minutes each. Progress through the program's curriculum was recorded and through the repeating and copying method, to be sure participating children's empathic understanding was revealed, empathic language and behavior was routinely chosen. Next, according the above criteria I looked into visible changes of the participating children's empathic expressions, classifying and analyzing changes in empathic understanding and six instances of common changes in the emphatic understanding of the participants relationships were analyzed and put together. Next I will summarize the findings we have seen in this research: First, if we look into changes in common empathic understanding from the beginning, using the criteria of empathic language, each individual showed understanding at the beginning and passed and progressed through stages of care, insight and emotional expressions. Second, when we looked at the criteria of empathic behavior from the beginning to the end, one's line of vision and ability to concentrate one's attention was connected. Next, the act of nodding one's head looked like a brief nod at first but at the end, it was not just a simple nod but rather they could feel deep empathy. The condition and substance of the facial expression was seen to match and at the very end the child was expressive and stretched out arms to hold and pat the other person and the act of holding hands could also be seen. Among lots of empathic behavior the final stage was shown by half of the children. Third, from the first stage to the last stage there were many cases revealed. The more the children went the more complete their empathic language became. Their vocabulary increased and became more diverse with empathic actions. Also, when comparing actions and expressions from the beginning with the end, visible expressions became more natural and sincere at the end. The result of the research we have seen is that through receiving experience of empathic understanding, participating children showed a sense of self-confidence and they looked to make peaceful expressions while not being aggressive or defensive about problems. In addition, from understanding empathic expressions, participating children's relationships felt closer. This outcome within this group in this case will be applied and the formation of empathic understanding can be used by the children internally to solve their own problems, acquire close relationships with their teachers and others. It will also contribute to smooth classroom management.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2024

최근 2022 개정 수학과 교육과정에 등호와 동치관계에 관한 성취기준이 신설됨에 따라 등호의 관계적 이해를 강조한 지도방안과 학생의 등호 이해를 살펴보려는 노력이 활발하다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 등호가 도입되는 1학년 1학기 덧셈과 뺄셈 단원을 등호의 관계적 이해를 강조하여 재구성하였으며, 재구성한 수업에 참여한 실험반 학생들과 일반 수업에 참여한 비교반 학생들 간의 등호이해를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 실험반과 비교반, 총 2개학급 학생을 대상으로 등호 이해에 관한 사전·사후 검사를 실시하고 결과를 비교·분석하였다. 연구 결과, 실험반 학생들은 비교반 학생들에 비해 등식 구조, 등호 정의, 등식해결의 모든 유형에서 평균이 유의미하게 높았다. 또한 문항별 분석 결과 'a=b'와 'a+b=c+d' 구조의 등식을 다룬 문항에서 비교반과 실험반의 평균이 큰 차이를 보였으며, 실험반 학생들은 대부분 등호의 의미로 '같다'를 옳다고 답했으나 여전히 '문제에 대한 답'으로 이해하는 응답도 많음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 등호의 도입 단원에서 관계적 이해를 강조한 지도 방안과 관련된 시사점을 논의하였다.