• 제목/요약/키워드: Uncertainty principle

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터파기 공사 사고가 공사에 미치는 경제적 영향 (The Economic Impact of Excavation Work Failure on a Construction Project)

  • 고광노;이강
    • 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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    • pp.643-646
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    • 2007
  • 도심지 지가가 높아짐에 따라 건축물의 공간 활용도에 대한 기대치가 높아지게 되었고, 건축물은 더 크고, 더 깊고, 더 높게 지어지는 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 이에 따라, 공사의 첫 단계이자 전체 건물의 기초가 되는 지하 공사는 그 중요성이 날로 더해가고 있다. 최소한의 비용으로 최단기간에 터파기 공사를 완료해야 하는 도심지 공사의 특성상 공사 관계자들은 지하 공사를 계획, 설계, 시공, 설계하는 과정에서 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지하 공사 전번에 걸쳐 있는 불확실성과 위험 요소 때문에 공사 실패 사례가 발생하고 있다. 더욱이 이러한 사고가 어느 정도의 경제적 피해를 끼쳤는지에 대한 보고나 연구없이 사고 사례만 알려지기 때문에 지하 공사의 위험성에 대한 경각심이 부족한 것이 우리나라 건축의 현실이다. 이런 사고를 타산지석으로 삼아 터파기 공사 공법을 선정하고 지하 공사를 이행하는데 있어서 하나의 지침이 되기를 바라면서 지하 공사 실패 사례가 과연 어느 정도의 경제적 피해를 발생시키는지를 개산견적 기법을 도입하여 추정해 보았다.

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실시간 뇌파 특성 분석을 위한 저잡음 스펙트럼 추정 알고리즘 (Low Noise Time-Frequency Analysis Algorithm for Real-Time Spectral Estimation)

  • 김연수;박범수;김성은
    • 전기전자학회논문지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.805-810
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구에서는 multitaper 기반의 스펙트럼 추정기법과 상태-공간 모델링 기반의 변수 추정 기법을 통합한 시간-주파수 분석 알고리즘을 제안한다. 일반적으로 시간-주파수 분석에는 불확실성 원리에 의해 시간 해상도와 주파수 해상도 사이에 트레이드오프 문제가 발생한다. 트레이드오프 문제를 최적화하기 위해서 short-time Fourier transform(STFT)와 wavelet 기반의 알고리즘들이 제안되었다. 본 논문의 저자는 다른 대안으로 상태-공간 프레임워크를 기반으로 한 새로운 multitaper 스펙트럼 추정 방법을 제안하였다. 그러나 기존의 방법은 스펙트럼이 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 경우에 잘 동작하지만, dynamic하게 변할 경우 제대로 추정하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 상태-공간 모델에 사용되는 상태 노이즈와 관찰 노이즈를 주기적으로 업데이트 하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 우리는 제안 알고리즘을 시뮬레이션 데이터를 사용하여 테스트 하였고, 시간에 따라 변하는 스펙트럼에 대해서도 잘 동작하는 것을 확인하였다.

Feasibility study of the beating cancellation during the satellite vibration test

  • Bettacchioli, Alain
    • Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.225-237
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    • 2018
  • The difficulties of satellite vibration testing are due to the commonly expressed qualification requirements being incompatible with the limited performance of the entire controlled system (satellite + interface + shaker + controller). Two features cause the problem: firstly, the main satellite modes (i.e., the first structural mode and the high and low tank modes) are very weakly damped; secondly, the controller is just too basic to achieve the expected performance in such cases. The combination of these two issues results in oscillations around the notching levels and high amplitude beating immediately after the mode. The beating overshoots are a major risk source because they can result in the test being aborted if the qualification upper limit is exceeded. Although the abort is, in itself, a safety measure protecting the tested satellite, it increases the risk of structural fatigue, firstly because the abort threshold has been already reached, and secondly, because the test must restart at the same close-resonance frequency and remain there until the qualification level is reached and the sweep frequency can continue. The beat minimum relates only to small successive frequency ranges in which the qualification level is not reached. Although they are less problematic because they do not cause an inadvertent test shutdown, such situations inevitably result in waiver requests from the client. A controlled-system analysis indicates an operating principle that cannot provide sufficient stability: the drive calculation (which controls the process) simply multiplies the frequency reference (usually called cola) and a function of the following setpoint, the ratio between the amplitude already reached and the previous setpoint, and the compression factor. This function value changes at each cola interval, but it never takes into account the sensor signal phase. Because of these limitations, we firstly examined whether it was possible to empirically determine, using a series of tests with a very simple dummy, a controller setting process that significantly improves the results. As the attempt failed, we have performed simulations seeking an optimum adjustment by finding the Least Mean Square of the difference between the reference and response signal. The simulations showed a significant improvement during the notch beat and a small reduction in the beat amplitude. However, the small improvement in this process was not useful because it highlighted the need to change the reference at each cola interval, sometimes with instructions almost twice the qualification level. Another uncertainty regarding the consequences of such an approach involves the impact of differences between the estimated model (used in the simulation) and the actual system. As limitations in the current controller were identified in different approaches, we considered the feasibility of a new controller that takes into account an estimated single-input multi-output (SIMO) model. Its parameters were estimated from a very low-level throughput. Against this backdrop, we analyzed the feasibility of an LQG control in cancelling beating, and this article highlights the relevance of such an approach.

Risk Assessment Principle for Engineered Nanotechnology in Food and Drug

  • Hwang, Myung-Sil;Lee, Eun-Ji;Kweon, Se-Young;Park, Mi-Sun;Jeong, Ji-Yoon;Um, Jun-Ho;Kim, Sun-Ah;Han, Bum-Suk;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Yoon, Hae-Jung
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 2012
  • While the ability to develop nanomaterials and incorporate them into products is advancing rapidly worldwide, understanding of the potential health safety effects of nanomaterials has proceeded at a much slower pace. Since 2008, Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) started an investigation to prepare "Strategic Action Plan" to evaluate safety and nano risk management associated with foods, drugs, medical devices and cosmetics using nano-scale materials. Although there are some studies related to potential risk of nanomaterials, physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is not clear yet and these do not offer enough information due to their limitations. Their uncertainties make it impossible to determine whether nanomaterials are actually hazardous to human. According to the above mention, we have some problems to conduct the human exposure risk assessment currently. On the other hand, uncertainty about safety may lead to polarized public debate and to businesses unwillingness for further nanotechnology investigation. Therefore, the criteria and methods to assess possible adverse effects of nanomaterials have been vigorously taken into consideration by many international organizations: the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic and Commercial Development and the European Commission. The object of this study was to develop risk assessment principles for safety management of future nanoproducts and also to identify areas of research to strengthen risk assessment for nanomaterials. The research roadmaps which were proposed in this study will be helpful to fill up the current gaps in knowledge relevant nano risk assessment.

Concepts of Disaster Prevention Design for Safety in the Future Society

  • Noh, Hwang-Woo;Kitagawa, Keiko;Oh, Yong-Sun
    • International Journal of Contents
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.54-61
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    • 2014
  • In this paper, we propose a pioneering concept of DPD(Disaster Prevention Design) to realize a securable society in the future. Features of danger in the future society are expected to be diverse, abrupt occurring, large scale, and complicated ways. Due to increment of dangers with their features of uncertainty, interactivity, complexity, and accumulation, human-oriented design concept naturally participates in activities to prevent our society against disasters effectively. We presented DPD is an essential design activity in order to cope with dangers expected in the future societies as well as realize securable environments. DPD is also an integrated design aids including preemptive protections, rapid preparing, recovery, and interactive cooperation. We also expect these activities of DPD is effective for generation of new values in the market, satisfaction of social needs, expansion of design industry, and a novel chance for development in the future society. Throughout this paper, we submit various aspects of DPD concepts including definition, classification, scope, necessity, strategy, influencing elements, process, and its principle. We expect these concepts will be the seed and/or basement of DPD research for the future works. For the direction of study for DPD in the future, we emphasize alarm system for preemptive protection rather than recovery strategy for the damage occurred. We also need to research about progressive prevention techniques and convergence with other areas of design. In order to transfer the concept of product design from facility-oriented mechanism to human-oriented one, we should develop new kinds of city basis facilities, public-sense design concepts referred to social weak-party, e-Learning content design preparing disasters, and virtual simulation design etc. On the other hand, we have to establish laws and regulations to force central and/or provincial governments to have these DPD strategies applying their regional properties. Modern design activities are expanding to UI(user interface) content design area overcoming the conventional design concept of product and/or service. In addition, designers are recognized as art directors or life stylists who will change the human life and create the social value. DPD can be divided into prevention design, preparedness design, response design, and recovery design. Five strategies for successful DPD are Precaution-oriented, Human-oriented, Sense-oriented, Legislation, and Environment Friendly Strategies.

Establishment of the Korean Tolerable Daily Intake of Bisphenol A Based on Risk Assessments by an Expert Committee

  • Choi, Chan-Woong;Jeong, Ji-Yoon;Hwang, Myung-Sil;Jung, Ki-Kyung;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Lee, Hyo-Min
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.285-291
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    • 2010
  • Recently, reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have been documented, and thus a review was requested for BPA management direction by the government. Therefore, this study was performed to establish a Korean tolerable daily intake (TDI) for BPA. An expert committee, consisting of specialists in fields such as toxicology, medicine, pharmacology, and statistics, was asked to evaluate BPA health based guidance values (HbGVs). Although many toxicological studies were reviewed to select a point of departure (POD) for TDI, rat and mouse reproductive studies by Tyl et al. (2002, 2006), which were performed according to GLP standards and OECD guidelines, were selected. This POD was the lowest value determined from the most sensitive toxicological test. The POD, a NOAEL of 5 mg/kg bw/day, was selected based on its systemic toxicity as critical effects. An uncertainty factor of 100 including interspecies and intraspecies differences was applied to calculate the TDI. According to the evaluation results, a TDI of BPA for Korean was suggested at 0.05 mg/kg bw/day. In addition, the BPA exposure level based on food consumption by the Korean population was estimated as 1.509 ${\mu}g/kg$ bw/day, and the HI was evaluated at 0.03 when the TDI of 0.05 mg/kg bw/day was applied. This HI value of 0.03 indicated that hazardous effects would not be expected from BPA oral exposures. Although highly uncertain, further studies on low dose neurobehavioral effects of BPA should be performed. In addition, it is recommended that the 'as low as reasonably achievable' (ALARA) principle be applied for BPA exposure from food packaging materials in newborn infants and children.

아토피 질환의 '한국적' 탄생과 부상: 대중적 지식활동의 역할을 중심으로 (Atopic Dermatitis and the Making of an Environmental Disease in Contemporary South Korea)

  • 이정
    • 과학기술학연구
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.107-152
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    • 2010
  • 이 논문은 아토피 질환에 대한 '한국적'인 이해와 대응을 낳은 역사적 과정을 살펴본다. 유전적 소인이 있는 특이면역성 질환 아토피는 외국의 경우에 '환경병'으로 인식되는 우가 드물다. 하지만 한국에서 아토피는 '환경호르몬' 등의 위험요소들과 결부되며 표적 환경병의 지위를 갖고 있다. 아토피에 대한 이러한 이해는 사전예방원칙과, 매체중심이 아닌 수용자중심의 환경오염 관리라는 전향적 원칙을 내세운 2008년의 환경보건법 탄생에 중요한 역할을 했다. 논문은 이 규제과정에 있어서 대중의 지식적 정치적 활동의 역할을 살펴본다. '아토피 = 환경병'으로 아토피를 이해하는 데 있어 가장 중요한 역할을 한 것은 아토피 아이들을 둔 아토피 엄마들이다. 이들은 의학과 독성학 등 과학계의 성과는 물론 본의 '아토피 아이, 지구의 아이'와 같은 환자조직의 활동경험과 성과를 이용, 대중적 호소력을 발휘한 '아토피 이론'을 제시했다. 이들은 과학적 불확실성을 전용하는 편, 한의학계, 생협, 민노당 등과도 지식 정치적 연대를 형성함으로써 환경보건법이라는 성과를 내게 된다. 이 논문은 이 과정을 검토함에 있어 '대중'이라는 주체가 성되어가는 역사성과 사회적 이슈 형성의 문화적 맥락에 관심을 돌린다. 이러한 연구는 위험규제나 정책연구 등에 역사적 역동성에 대한 논의의 단초를 만들 수 있다.

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퍼포먼스.이벤트의 결합체로서 건축환경연구 (A Study on the Architectural Environment as a Combination of Performance and Event)

  • 김주미
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제14권
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    • pp.121-138
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    • 1996
  • 전환기적 시대상황의 인식과 뉴 패러다임에 기초하여 미래 건축환경의 변화를 예측하고 그에 대응할 수 있는 건축언어와 새로운 디자인 전략을 제안하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있었으며, 그 연구내용과 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현대 예술 속에서 공간, 인간의 신체, 그리고 움직임을 재해석하고 그 예술적 의도를 환경디자인과 결합시켜 퍼포먼스·이벤트건축의 가능성을 고찰하였다. 둘째, 건축환경은 물질들만의 집합보다는 공간, 움직임, 우연적 상황 그리고 이벤트들의 결합체로서 보았다. 또한 퍼포먼스장소로서의 환경을 이해함과 동시에 디자인 행위자체를 퍼포먼스 과정으로 제시하였다. 셋째, 인간은 환경과의 상호작용을 통해 항상 반응하며 스스로의 조절을 통해 적응하는 유기체적 시스템이다. 건축 또한 현시대의 불확정적인 인식체계와 빠르게 변화하는 사회구조, 테크놀러지의 발전과 함께 인간의 행위, 활동이 결합되어 끊임없이 변화하는 역동적 시스템으로 설명되었다. 넷째, 본 연구자는 종래 모더니즘 디자인에서의 형태와 기능의 인과론적, 기계론적 조형태도에서 벗어나 상대론 적, 유기론 적 관점을 취하과자 하였다. 특히 탈 물질적인 환경의 개념을 강조하였으며 형태와 기능의 상호 텍스트 성, 그리고 시간의 흐름 속에서 상호변화 가능성을 지원할 수 있는 탈 프로그램 방법을 제안하였다. 결과적으로 퍼포먼스·이벤트건축의 전략은 인간의 자율적 기능의 회복과 예술로서의 환경을 어느 정도 가능하게 할 수 있는 개념이라고 보았으며, 시스템적 세계관으로의 전환을 강조하였다.

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A Comparative Study on the Buyer's Right to Withhold Performance for the Seller's Delivery of Defective Goods and Documents in International Sales within the CISG, English law and Korean law

  • Lee, Byung-Mun
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제17권
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    • pp.251-293
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    • 2002
  • The study is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the buyer's right to withhold performance where the seller delivers defective goods or documents of three legal systems; the CISG, English law and Korean law. The purposes underlying this study are twofold. The first is to clarify the current position as to the right of withholding performance in the event of the seller's tender of defective goods or documents in Korean law, CISG and English law so that it may assist the parties in drafting the buyer's right to withhold performance in their own contract. The second is to compare the rules of one jurisdiction with those of other jurisdictions and to evaluate the rules in light of the practical functions and benefits of the right to withhold performance and the discipline of comparative law the basic question of which is whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. It shows that each jurisdiction does not have any provision or case law specifically dealing with the buyer's right to withhold performance where the seller delivers the goods which are defective in terms of quality or quantity. The absence of such provision or case in each jurisdiction has resulted in either disputes or uncertainty. However, the study executed in light of the primary functions and benefits of the right in practice and the discipline of comparative law reveals that, first, the view in English law which is against recognizing the right may not be justified when one considers the practical importance of having the right and the position taken by the CISG as a well developed and modernized law, second, the view in Korean law which argues that the principle of specific goods dogma on which it is based is extended even to substitutable or repairable goods cannot be also justified on the ground of one's ordinary expectation and the position under the CISG and English law which imposes a contractual duty to deliver non-defective goods on the seller insofar as the buyer's payment is deemed to be made in exchange for the seller's delivery of non-defective goods and they are substitutable or repairable. Regarding the right to withhold performance in the event of the seller's tender of defective documents, the study shows that the relatively detailed rules in English law may be utilized as a guideline to fill the gap in the CISG and Korean law in terms of the practicability and appropriateness to govern documentary sales. Furthermore, it is found that the position in English law which confers on the buyer the right to withhold performance for a trivial defect in documents may be unreasonable in terms of one's need to enable justice to be done in individual cases.

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동위원소 희석 HPLC/MS에 의한 혈청 내 urea의 정량 (Quantification of urea in serum by isotope dilution HPLC/MS)

  • 이화심;박상열
    • 분석과학
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.271-277
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    • 2005
  • 혈액 내 urea는 임상진단 시 신장 기능을 판단하는 중요한 표지물질로서 측정되고 있다. 단백질 등 질소화합물의 최종 대사물인 urea는 콩팥의 사구체에서 걸러져 소변으로 배출되는데, 사구체의 거르는 능력이 저하되면 결국 혈액 속의 urea 농도가 증가하게 되어 신장 기능의 정상여부를 판단할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 임상진단 결과의 신뢰성 향상을 위해서는 측정결과가 일차분석법으로 인증된 인증표준 물질과 소급성 고리를 유지해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 혈청 내 urea의 일차분석법으로서 $15^N_2$-urea를 내부 표준물질로 사용하는 동위원소희석 액체크로마토그라피-질량분석법 (ID-HPLC/MS)을 개발하였다. 이 방법은 측정원리상 고도의 정확성이 확보될 뿐 아니라 별도의 유도체화가 필요 없기 때문에 빠르고 편리하다. $C_{18}$-분리관에 0.1 mmol/L $NH_4Cl$ buffer를 이동상으로 사용하여 urea를 분리하였는데, 이 완충용액은 비교적 분자량이 작은 urea를 질량분석하는데 방해가 크지 않은 장점이 있다. HPLC와 질량분석기의 인터페이스로서 positive mode의 electrospray ionization (ESI)를 사용하여 높은 감도와 재현성을 성취하였다. 국제적으로 인정된 인증표준물질의 분석을 통해 최적화된 방법의 유효성을 확인하였으며, 국제비교시험에도 참여하여 좋은 결과를 얻었다. ISO guide에 따라 불확도를 계산하였으며, 확장 불확도는 95% 신뢰도에서 약 1.8%로 나타났다. 이 분석법은 표준연에서 개발 중인 혈청인증표준물질을 인증하는 일차기준측정절차로도 사용되고 있다.