• Applied Microscopy
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

Dorsal and ventral epithelium of leech, Whitemenia edentula, were observed, using both light and electron-microscope. Results are as follows. Epithelia are composed of simple columnar or irregularly-shaped epithelium, the transveral folds were seen in the cross-sectioned dorsal and ventral epithelia, but only longitudinal folds(depth $500{\mu}m$, width $350{\mu}m$) were discovered in the ventral epithelium. As to muscular tissue under the dorsal epithelium of Whitemenia edentula, that of longitudinal muscle layer is thicker and more developed than that of circular muscle layer. Seven gland cells (type-A, B, C, D, E, F and H cells) and one pigment cell (type-G cell) were discovered in the whitemenia edentula. Those were identified as three kinds of the neutral mucopolysaccharide granoles (type-A, B and F cells), two kinds of acidic mucopolysaccharide granules (type-C and D cells), and two kinds of non-reactive granules respectively (type-E and F cells). The glanules of the type-A and type-B gland cells ae electronly high-dense, and surrounded by the muscular tissue. As to the distribution of gland cells, the type-A, type-B, type-C, type-D, type-I and type-H gland cells were discovered only between the connective tissue and the circular muscle layer, while type-F gland cells were discovered only between tile circular muscle layer and the longitudinal muscle layer.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.553-559
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• 2008

Purpose: The lateral orbital wall fractures have been previously classified by some authors. As there are some limitations in applying in their own classifications, we hope to present a refined classification system of the lateral orbital wall fracture and to identify the correlation between the specific type of the fracture and clinical diagnosis. Methods: The facial bone CT scans and medical records of 78 patients with the lateral orbital wall fractures were reviewed in a retrospective manner. The classification is based on the CT scan. In type I, the fracture and its segments are away from the lateral rectus muscle and in type II, they are next to or slightly pushing the muscle in axial CT scan. In type III, the fracture segments compress and displace the longitudinal axis of the muscle or the optic nerve in axial view of CT scan. Type IV fracture includes multiple fractures found around the orbital apex or optic canal in coronal view of CT scans of the type I and type II fractures. Results: The most common fracture pattern was type I(43.6%), followed by type IV(29.5%), type II(20.5%), and type III(6.4%). As diplopia and restriction of extraocular muscles were found in type I and II fractures, severe ophthalmic complications such as superior orbital fissure syndrome, orbital apex syndrome, and traumatic optic neuropathy were found in type III and IV fractures almost exclusively. Conclusion: We propose an easy classification system of the lateral orbital wall fracture which correlates closely with ophthalmic complications and may help to make further treatment plan. In Type III and IV fractures, severe ophthalmic complications may ensue in higher rates, so early diagnosis and treatment should be performed.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.988-999
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• 2019

To investigate the relationship between muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality traits by age of Korean native black goat (KNBG), four muscles (longissimus dorsi, LD; psoas major, PM; semimembranosus, SM; gluteus medius, GM) were obtained from five adult goat (AG; 18 months old) and five young goat (YG; 9 months old). PM muscle had the highest fiber number percentage (FNP) and fiber area percentage (FAP) of type I, followed by SM, GM, and LD muscles. FNP and FAP of type IIB were significantly (p<0.001) higher in AG than those in YG. YG had higher L^* values but lower b^* values than AG. The highest L^* and b^* values were observed in LD muscle (p<0.001). Age and muscle type had detrimental (p<0.001) effect on shear force and collagen content for all muscle in AG as compared to YG. YG had significantly (p<0.001) higher myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) than AG for all four muscles. These results suggest that muscle fiber compositions of different muscle types of KNBG depend on age, resulting in variations of meat color, MFI, collagen content, and shear force.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationships of muscle fiber characteristics to dietary energy density [3.0(Low-E) vs. 3.2 (Med-E) Mcal DE/kg)] and slaughter weight [SW; 110, 125, and 138 kg] in finishing pigs (gilt vs. barrow) using a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial treatment design. Forty-one longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples were analyzed histochemically, with growth performance and physicochemical data for the 41 animals and their LM out of 192 animals and 72 LM used in a previous study retrospectively included. The ADG was less (P<0.01) in the Low-E than in the Med-E group (0.93 vs. 0.73 kg) whereas lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) of LM were greater in the Low-E group SW did not influence these variables. The diameter and perimeter of the type I (slow-oxidative), type IIA (fast oxido-glycolytic) and type IIB (fast glycolytic) fibers increased with increasing SW whereas densities of the fibers decreased. However, the number and area percentages of the fiber types were not influenced by SW or dietary energy density. The percentage and per-$mm^2$ density of type IIB fibers were negatively correlated with SW (r = -0.33 and -0.57, with P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively), whereas type I fiber number percentage was positively correlated with SW (r = 0.31; P<0.05). Marbling score was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with type I (r = -0.36) and type IIB (r = -0.39) fiber densities. The $a^*$ was correlated (P<0.01) with both type I and type IIB fiber number percentages in the opposite way (r = 0.42 and -0.47, respectively). However, $L^*$ (lightness), drip loss and $pH_{24h}$ were not correlated with the fiber number percentage or density of any fiber type. Collectively, results indicate that muscle fibers grow by hypertrophy during the late finishing period, but that fiber characteristics other than the size are not significantly influenced by dietary energy density or SW.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.371-380
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cu/Zn SOD on reduction of hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were assigned to three groups; control group, Cisplatin (CDDP) group and cisplatin with Cu/Zn SOD (CDDP-SOD) group. At day 35 hindlimb muscles were dissected. Food intake, activity, withdrawal threshold, muscle weight, and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of dissected muscles were measured. Relative SOD activity and expression of MHC and phosphorylated Akt, ERK were measured after dissection. Results: Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP group were significantly less than the control group. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles, food intake, activity, and withdrawal thresholds of the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. There were no significant differences in relative SOD activities of hindlimb muscles between the CDDP-SOD and CDDP groups. MHC expression and phosphorylated Akt, ERK of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. Conclusion: Cu/Zn SOD attenuates hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin through increased food intake and activity. Increment of phosphorylated Akt, ERK may relate to attenuation of hindlimb muscular atrophy.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.63-78
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• 1998

The decrease of muscle power and muscle size between twenties and seventies was about 30% and 40% respectively. The loss of muscle mass by aging resulted in the decrease of muscle power. The loss of muscle mass was due to the decrease of number of Type I fiber and Type II fiber and size of each muscle fiber. The aging skeletal muscle didn't show the loss of glycolysis capacity but showed 20% decrease of the oxidative enzymes and muscle vascularization. The vigorous endurance exercise training with graded intensity played a role in the vascular proliferation, increase of activity of oxidative enzymes and improvement of $VO_2$ max. The graded resistance exercise also played a role in the muscle hypertrophy and increase of muscle power, if it performed with adequate intensity and period. The exercise adaptation of aging skeletal muscle prevented it from sarcopenia, provided the activity of daily living with great effect and provided the aging related disease, that is Type II diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, osteoporosis and obesity, with great effect.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.150-159
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DHEA on hindlimb muscles(soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius) in a focal brain ischemia model rat. Method: Twenty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: CINS(cerebral ischemia + normal saline), CIDH(cerebral ischemia + DHEA), or SHNS(sham + normal saline). Both the CINS and CIDH groups underwent a transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion operation. In the SHNS group, a sham operation was done. 0.34mmol/kg DHEA was administered daily by an intraperitoneal injection for 7days. Results: The muscle weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the Type I muscle fiber of soleus and Type II muscle fiber of plantaris and gastrocnemius, myofibrillar protein content of gastrocnemius, and muscle strength in the CINS group decreased compared with the SHNS group. The muscle weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the Type II muscle fiber of plantaris and gastrocnemius, myofibrillar protein content of soleus, and muscle strength in the CIDH group increased compared with the CINS group. Conclusion: It was identified that muscle atrophy could be induced during 7 days after a cerebral infarction, and DHEA administration during the early stages of a cerebral infarction might attenuate muscle atrophy.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.586-594
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• 2017

Mitochondrial activity affects skeletal muscle energy metabolism and phenotype. To address whether mitochondrial activity can modulate muscle phenotype in vitro, protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in C2C12 muscle cell lines was investigated after treated with antimycin A, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Fully differentiated C2C12 myotubes were administrated with different concentration of antimycin A including 0, 100, 200, 500, 700, and 1000 ng/mL. After 72 h treatment, myosin heavy chain isoform expression and related enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase; LDH and creatine kinase) were analyzed. Administration of antimycin A changed expression of MyHC in C2C12 myotubes showing a shift from slow to fast twitching muscle type. Protein expression of MyHC type 2b (fast twitching muscle type) was decreased (P < 0.05) by antimycin A treatment (500, 700, and 1000 ng/mL) when compared with control group. Administration of antimycin A (1000 ng/mL), however, decreased (P < 0.05) MyHC type I (slow twitching muscle type). Interestingly, LDH activity was increased (P < 0.05) by antimycin A treatment. Results from our current study proposed a possibility that skeletal muscle phenotype, including MyHC and LDH activity, can be shifted from slow to fast twitching type by inhibiting the mitochondrial activity in C2C12 myotubes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.26-51
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• 1995

The present study was designed to examine effect of long term weight-training on aging atrophy in the rat skeletal muscle. Male rats of 8, 15, and 24 month old were used. Each age groups included control and weight-training for 5 months by using body press apparatus. The histo- and cytochemical, ultrastructural and stereological changes in aging skeletal muscles of the rat were observed in the present study. During the training period the body weight and muscular weight in all groups except the rectus femoris and the gastrocnemius in young age groups remained constant, but muscular weights were increased in the rectus femoris and the gastrocnemius muscles in young age groups. In trained rat, the volume density of muscle fiber type IIA and IIB were increased, but those of type IIC was decreased. Type I remained constant in 8 and 15 month old age groups, but reduced in the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles in the 24 month old groups. Some histotological and ultrastructural changes associated with age were found: numerical increase of cytiplasmic vacuoles, lysosomes, lipofuscins, and irregularity of myofibrils. At 24 month old groups some unusual formation of contraction band and muscle splitting were observed. After weight-training, ultrastructural degenerative changes occured in the type I muscle fiber, such as splitting of muscle fiber, disorganization of myofilaments, swelling of mitochondria, accumulation of many lipid droplets, appearance of many lysosomes and residual bodies and necrotic fibers, in the old age groups. But, in the type II muscle fibers hypertrophy of muscle fiber appeared without any noticible damage as the type I. The activities of $Mg^{++}$ -ATPase decreased with age and this enzyme activities in the trained rat were significantly decreased with age. Activities of the acid phosphatase were increased with age and significantly in the trained rat. In stereological analysis, volume density of the myofibrils and the tubular system were increased, on the other hand there mitochondrial capacity was decreased. These experimental results suggested that old rats are not susceptible to be affected by weight-training as young rats, and that physical capacity of the rats must be considered when old rats are exercised for training.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.750-761
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• 2021

이 연구는 노화된 흰쥐를 대상으로 규칙적인 저항성 운동에 유산소 운동을 병행하는 훈련을 실시하여 골격근에서 나타나는 혈관신생 관련 단백질 발현의 반응을 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 위해 자연적으로 노화된 SD계열 흰쥐(20-24개월령, N=18)를 사용하여 통제(CON, n=6), 저항성 운동(RE, n=6), 저항성+유산소 운동(RE+AE, n=6) 집단으로 구분하였다. 저항성 운동 집단은 실험동물용 사다리를 이용하여 매회 3세트×4회의 운동을 실시하였고 저항성 운동+유산소 운동 집단은 매회 2세트×3회의 사다리 오르기와 추가적인 30분간의 트레드밀 달리기를 수행하였다. 총 8주간의 운동 훈련 종료 후 가자미 근과 장지신근을 적출하여 분석에 사용하였다. 골격근에서 혈관신생 관련 단백질들(HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2)의 발현 수준을 분석하기 위해 western blot을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 저항성+유산소 운동 집단에서 가자미근(type I 근육)의 HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2 단백질 발현이 통제집단에 비해 높았으며 저항성 운동만 수행할 경우 HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 단백질 발현이 통제집단에 비해 높았다. 또한 가자미근에서 저항성+유산소 운동훈련 집단의 Ang-2 to Ang-1 ratio가 저항성 운동 집단에 비해 높아 운동훈련 유형별 차이를 보였다. 한편, 장지신근(type II 근육)에서 HIF-1α는 저항성 운동 훈련에 의해서만 증가된 반면 VEGF와 FLK-1 단백질 발현은 두 훈련 유형 모두에서 증가되었고 운동 훈련 유형별 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 장지신근의 angiopoieitin 단백질들의 발현은 운동 훈련에 의한 차이가 없었다. 그러므로 노화에서 규칙적인 운동 훈련은 운동 유형에 관계없이 골격근 혈관신생 반응을 유도하며, 특히 저항성 운동에 유산소 운동의 병행은 type I 근조직 유형에서 혈관신생에 대한 추가적인 긍정적 효과를 가질 수 있다.