• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2004

The heat transfer characteristics of a plasma display panel has been investigated for cooling an electronic module. Hence, a two dimensional $\kappa-{\varepsilon}$ turbulent model was developed to predict the temperatures of the panel and module. The heat conduction was solve for the material region. To consider the mixed convection at the solid-fluid interfaces between the air and the panel and module, the energy equation was solved simultaneously. When the electronic module stands face to face with the panel, the temperatures of panel and module are lower than other arrangement due to the chimney effect. However the gap between the panel and module does not affect significantly the maximum temperature when the aspect ratio is less than 0.1. To maintain the maximum temperature of the module under a certain limit, the passage of air should be well designed by the optimal layout of electronic modules which have different heat emission.

• 에너지공학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.242-251
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• 2011

수직 원형관 내부의 자연대류 열전달 현상이 상 하단 마개 유무 그리고 마개의 가열 및 단열조건에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지 $Ra_{Lw}$ 수 $9.26{\times}10^9\sim7.74{\times}10^{12}$의 범위에 대해 실험적으로 연구하였다. 상사성의 원리를 이용하여 열전달 실험을 대신하여 황산-황산구리 수용액의 전기도금계를 이용한 물질전달 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 수직 원형관의 위와 아래가 열린 경우 자연대류 열전달은 기존의 수직평판에 대한 그것과 일치하였고 상 하단 마개의 영향 따른 열전달의 변화는 Krysa 등, Sedahmed 등과 Chung 등이 실험한 현상과 일치하였다. 구리 마개를 사용한 경우 측정된 열전달은 층류와 난류영역에서 원형관의 아래만 막혔을 때가 가장 높게 측정되었고 다음으로는 위와 아래가 모두 막힌 경우, 위만 막힌 경우 그리고 위와 아래가 모두 열린 경우의 순으로 열전달이 변화하였다. 한편, 아크릴 마개를 사용한 경우에는 그 경향은 비슷했지만 위와 아래가 모두 열린 경우가 위만 막힌 경우보다 열전달이 높았다. 구리 마개를 사용한 경우 아크릴 마개보다 열전달이 높았다. 이는 서로 다른 가열벽면에서 발생된 유동의 상호작용에 기인하였기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 본 실험을 통하여 기존연구보다 확장한 유동영역과 기하구조에 대하여 열전달의 영향을 관찰하였고, 층류와 난류영역에 대한 자연대류 열전달 상관식을 제시하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2011

유사성 원리를 이용하여 매우 높은 Pr 수의 유체를 사용하여 수직 원형관 외부의 자연대류 열전달 현상을 실험적으로 연구하였다. 황산-황산구리 수용액의 전기도금계를 물질전달계로 채택하였으며, 실험은 직경 0.005m~0.035m의 음극을 사용하여 Pr 수 2,094~4,173 그리고 $Ra_H$ 수 $1.4{\times}10^9{\sim}4{\times}10^{13}$에서 열전달계수를 측정하였다. 층류에서 실험한 결과는 King, Jakob와 Linke, McAdams, Bottemanne의 수직 원형관 자연대류의 열전달 상관식에 일치하였고 난류에서는 수직평판 난류 자연대류 상관식인 Fouad의 상관식과 일치하였고 Pr 수에 대한 의존성이 나타났다. 실험을 통하여 도출한 층류 상관식은 $Nu_H=0.55Ra^{0.25}_H$,�㉢�류 상관식은 $Nu_H=0.12Ra^{0.28}_HPr^{0.1}$였다. 층류와 난류사이의 천이는 $Ra_H$ 수 약 $10^{12}$에서 발생하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.479-491
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• 1994

Discrete vortex method was applied for simulating an active control of turbulent leading- edge separation bubble. The leading-edge separation zone was perturbed by a time-dependent sinusoidal perturbation of different frequencies and levels. In order to describe the local sinusoidal perturbation at the separation point, a source pulsation vortex technique was proposed. The present two-dimensional vortex simulations were qualitatively compared with the experimental results for a blunt circular cylinder, where perturbation was introduced along the square-cut leading edge of the cylinder $(Kiya et al.^{(6,7)}).$ It was found that the reattachment length attained a minimum point at low levels of perturbation and two minima at a moderate higher perturbation frequency. The effects of local perturbation on the evolution of leading-edge separation bubble were scrutinized by comparing the perturbed flow with the natural flow. These comparisons were made for the distributions of mean velocity and its velocity fluctuations, intermittency and wall velocity. The motions of instantaneous reattachment in the space-time domain were demonstrated, which were also compared with the experimental findings. In order to investigate the reduction mehanism of reattachment length in the separation bubble, various cross-correlations for velocity and pressure and the relevant convection velocities were evaluated. It was observed that the convection velocity was closely associated with its corresponding pulsationg frequency.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2002년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.8-15
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• 2002

For the large scale computation of turbulent flows around an arbitrarily shaped body, a parallel LES (large eddy simulation) code has been recently developed in which domain decomposition method is adopted. METIS and MPI (message Passing interface) libraries are used for domain partitioning and data communication between processors, respectively. For unsteady computation of the incompressible Wavier-Stokes equation, 4-step splitting finite element algorithm [1] is adopted and Smagorinsky or dynamic LES model can be chosen fur the modeling of small eddies in turbulent flows. For the validation and performance-estimation of the parallel code, a three-dimensional laminar flow generated by natural convection inside a cube has been solved. Then, we have solved the turbulent flow around MIRA (Motor Industry Research Association) model at $Re = 2.6\times10^6$, which is based on the model height and inlet free stream velocity, using 32 processors on IBM SMP cluster and compared with the existing experiment.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.21-35
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• 1997

The natural convection and combined heat transfer induced by fire in a rectangular enclosure is numerically studied. The model for this numerical analysis is partially opened right wall. The solution procedure includes the standard k-$\varepsilon$ model for turbulent flow and the discrete ordinates method (DOM) is used for the calculation of radiative heat transfer equation. In numerical study, SIMPLE algorithm is applied for fluid flow analysis, and the investigations of combustion gas induced by fire is performed by FAST model of HAZARD I program. In this study, numerical simulation on the combined naturnal convection and radiation is carried out in a partial enclosure filled with absorbed-emitted gray media, but is not considered scattering problem. The streamlines, isothermal lines, average radiation intensity and kinetic energy are compared the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer. Comparing the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer analysis shows the stronger circulation than those of the pure convection. Three different locations of heat source are considered to observe the effect of heat source location on the heat transfer phenomena. As the results, the circulation and the heat transfer in the left region from heating block are much more influenced than those in the right region. It is also founded that the radiation effect cannot be neglected in analyzing the building in fire. And as the results of combustion gas analysis from FAST model, it is found that O2 concentration is decreased according to time. While CO and CO2 concentration are rapidly increased in the beginning(about 100sec), but slowly decreased from that time on.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.496-506
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• 1998

This paper deals with the computational modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent heat transfer involving spatially uniform volumetric heat sources in semicircular geometry. The Launder & Sharma low-Reynolds number k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model without any modifications and the SIMPLER computational algorithm were used for the numerical modeling, which was incorporated into the new computer code CORE-TNC. This computer code was subsequently benchmarked with the Mini-ACOPO experimental data in the modified Rayleigh number range of 2$\times$10$^{13}$ $\times$10$^{14}$ . The general trends of the velocity and temperature fields were well predicted by the model used, and the calculated isotherm patterns were found to be very similiar to those observed in previous experimental investigations. The deviation between the Mini-ACOPO experimental data and the corresponding numerical results obtained with CORE-TNC for the average Nusselt number was less than 30% using fine grid in the near-wall region and the three-point difference formula for the wall temperature gradient. With isothermal pool boundaries, heat was convected predominantly to the upper and adjacent lateral surfaces, and the bottom surface received smaller heat fluxes.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

The reactor head of a sodium-cooled fast reactor KALIMER-600 should be cooled during the reactor operation in order to maintain the integrity of sealing material and to prevent a creep fatigue. Analyzing turbulent natural convection flow in the cover gas region of reactor vessel with the commercial CFD code CFX10.0, the cooling requirement for the reactor head and the performance of the insulation plate were assessed. The results showed that the high temperature region around reactor vessel was caused by the convective heat transfer of Helium gas flow ascending the gap between the insulation plate and the reactor vessel inner wall. The insulation plate was shown to sufficiently block the radiative heat transfer from pool surface to reactor head to a satisfactory degree. More than $32.5m^3$/sec of cooling air flow rate was predicted to maintain the required temperature of reactor head.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2004

The evaluation of the indoor environment of the Assembly Hall in the University, which is designed to be a large space, requires efficient design of its heating system that takes into consideration natural convection and the characteristics of the occupant's spaces. Indoor thermal environment was measured in the field and simulated with CFD code. The estimations of temperature distribution and indoor airflow distribution must be carried out simultaneously, as the thermal stratification is induced by natural convection flows. In order to simulate the even distribution of factors affecting the indoor environment, including temperature and airflow, Phoenics is used. The turbulent flow model adopted is the RNG k- model. The inlets and outlets of the air-conditioning systems, material and thermal properties, and the size of the test room ($35m{\times}18m{\times}10m$) are used for the simulation. Since the Assembly Hall is symmetric, half of the space is simulated. A Cartesian grid is used for calculation and the number of grids are respectively $60{\times}45{\times}35$. The results of the computer simulation during winter conditions are compared with the measurements at the typical points in the assembly hall with the heating system. After evaluating the results of the computer simulations, the methods of the heating system and layout are suggested.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2012

엇갈리게 배열된 두 개의 수평관의 수직 이격거리($P_v$/D)와 수평 이격거리($P_h$/D)를 변화시키며 자연대류 열전달을 실험적으로 측정하였다. 열/물질전달의 상사성을 이용하여 물질전달 실험을 수행하였고 난류영역까지 확장하였다. Pr 수 2,014, RaD 수 $1.5{\times}10^8\sim2.5{\times}10^{10}$, $P_v$/D는 1.02~5, $P_h$/D는 0~2 범위에서 수행하였다. 하단 수평관의 물질전달은 단일 수평관 상관식의 예측치와 일치하였다. 상단 수평관의 물질전달은 $P_v$/D가 작을 때, 하단 수평관에서 상승하는 플룸의 예열영향(Preheating effect)으로 인해 감소하였고, $P_h$/D가 증가하면 급격히 상승하였다. 그러나 $P_v$/D가 클 때, 상단 수평관의 물질전달은 하단 수평관의 플룸 속도영향으로 인하여 단일 수평관보다 컸고, $P_h$/D가 증가함에 따라 완만하게 감소하였다. $P_h$/D가 매우 증가하여도 굴뚝효과(Chimney effect)와 측면유동효과(Side flow effect) 인하여 상단 수평관의 열전달이 하단 수평관의 열전달보다 크게 나타났다.