• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.224-242
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• 2003

The author believes that the main task of study in international trade usage and practice is the management of transactional risks involved in international sale of goods. They are foreign exchange risks, transportation risks, credit risk, risk of miscommunication, etc. In most cases, these risks are more serious and enormous than those involved in domestic sales. Historically, the merchant adventurers organized the voyage abroad, secured trade finance, and went around the ocean with their own or consigned cargo until around the $mid-19^{th}$ century. They did business faceto-face at the trade fair or the open port where they maintained the local offices, so-called "Trading House"(商館). Thererfore, the transactional risks might have been one-sided either with the seller or the buyer. The bottomry seemed a typical arrangement for risk sharing among the interested parties to the adventure. In this way, such organizational arrangements coped with or bore the transactional risks. With the advent of ocean liner services and wireless communication across the national border in the $19^{th}$ century, the business of merchant adventurers developed toward the clear division of labor; sales by mercantile agents, and ocean transportation by the steam ship companies. The international banking helped the process to be accelerated. Then, bills of lading backed up by the statute made it possible to conduct documentary sales with a foreign partner in different country. Thus, FOB terms including ocean freight and CIF terms emerged gradually as standard trade terms in which transactional risks were allocated through negotiation between the seller and the buyer located in different countries. Both of them did not have to go abroad with their cargo. Instead, documentation in compliance with the terms of the contract(plus an L/C in some cases) must by 'strictly' fulfilled. In other words, the set of contractual documents must be tendered in advance of the arrival of the goods at port of discharge. Trust or reliance is placed on such contractual paper documents. However, the container transport services introduced as international intermodal transport since the late 1960s frequently caused the earlier arrival of the goods at the destination before the presentation of the set of paper documents, which may take 5 to 10% of the amount of transaction. In addition, the size of the container vessel required the speedy transport documentation before sailing from the port of loading. In these circumstances, computerized processing of transport related documents became essential for inexpensive transaction cost and uninterrupted distribution of the goods. Such computerization does not stop at the phase of transportation but extends to cover the whole process of international trade, transforming the documentary sales into less-paper trade and further into paperless trade, i.e., EDI or E-Commerce. Now we face the other side of the coin, which is data security and paperless transfer of legal rights and obligations. Unfortunately, these issues are not effectively covered by a set of contracts only. Obviously, EDI or E-Commerce is based on the common business process and harmonized system of various data codes as well as the standard message formats. This essential feature of E-Commerce needs effective coordination of different divisions of business and tight control over credit arrangements in addition to the standard contract of sales. In a few word, information does not alway invite "trust". Credit flows from people, or close organizational tie-ups. It is our common understanding that, without well-orchestrated organizational arrangements made by leading companies, E-Commerce does not work well for paperless trade. With such arrangements well in place, participating E-business members do not need to seriously care for credit risk. Finally, it is also clear that E-International Commerce must be linked up with a set of government EDIs such as NACCS, Port EDI, JETRAS, etc, in Japan. Therefore, there is still a long way before us to go for E-Commerce in practice, not on the top of information manager's desk.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.125-150
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• 2009

RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) is a wireless frequency of recognition technology that can be used to recognize, trace, and identify people, things, and animals using radio frequency(RF). RFID will bring about many changes in manufacturing and distributions, among other areas. In accordance with the increasing importance of RFID techniques, great advancement has been made in RFID studies. Initially, the RFID research started as a research literature or case study. Recently, empirical research has floated on the surface for announcement. But most of the existing researches on RFID adoption have been restricted to a dichotomous measure of 'adoption vs. non-adoption' or adoption intention. In short, RFID research is still at an initial stage, mainly focusing on the research of the RFID performance, integration, and its usage has been considered dismissive. The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are important for the RFID adoption and implementation with organizational resources. In this study, the organizational resources are classified into either finance resources or IT knowledge resources. A research model and four hypotheses are set up to identify the relationships among these variables based on the investigations of such theories as technological innovations, adoption stage, and organizational resources. In order to conduct this study, a survey was carried out from September 27, 2008 until October 23, 2008. The questionnaire was completed by 143 managers and workers from physical distribution and manufacturing companies related to the RFID in South Korea. 37 out of 180 surveys, which turned out unfit for the study, were discarded and the remaining 143(adoption stage 89, implementation stage 54) were used for the empirical study. The statistics were analyzed using Excel 2003 and SPSS 12.0. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the adoption stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, perceived cost savings, environmental uncertainty, and pressures from rival firms have significant effects on the intent of the RFID adoption. Further, the implementation stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, environmental uncertainty, pressures from rival firms, inter-organizational cooperation, and inter-organizational trust have significant effects on the extent of the RFID use. In contrast, inter-organizational cooperation and inter-organizational trust did not show much impact on the intent of RFID adoption while perceived cost savings did not significantly affect the extent of RFID use. Second, in the adoption stage, financial issues had adverse effect on both inter-organizational cooperation and the intent against the RFID adoption. IT knowledge resources also had a deterring effect on both perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID adoption. Third, in the implementation stage, finance resources had a moderate effect on environmental uncertainty and extent of RFID use while IT knowledge resources had also a moderate effect on perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID use. Limitations and future research issues can be summarized as follows. First, it is difficult to say that the sample is large enough to be representative of the population. Second, because the sample of this study was conducted among manufacturers only, it may be limited in analyzing fully the effect on the industry as a whole. Third, in consideration of the fact that the organizational resources in the RFID study require a great deal of researches, this research may deem insufficient to fulfill the purpose that it initially set out to achieve. Future studies using performance research are, therefore, needed to help better understand the organizational level of the RFID adoption and implementation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-57
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• 2020

Recently, research F&E(Facilities and Equipment) have become very important as tools and means to lead the development of science and technology. The government has been continuously expanding investment budgets for R&D and research F&E, and the need for efficient operation and systematic management of research F&E built up nationwide has increased. In December 2010, The government developed and completed a standardized classification system for national research F&E. However, accuracy and trust of information classification are suspected because information is collected by a method in which a user(researcher) directly selects and registers a classification code in NTIS. Therefore, in the study, we analyzed linearly using linear discriminant analysis(LDA) and analysis of variance(ANOVA), to measure the classification accuracy for the standardized classification system(8 major-classes, 54 sub-classes, 410 small-classes) of the national research facilities and equipment established in 2010, and revised in 2015. For the analysis, we collected and used the information data(50,271 cases) cumulatively registered in NTIS(National Science and Technology Service) for the past 10 years. This is the first case of scientifically verifying the standardized classification system of the national research facilities and equipment, which is based on information of similar classification systems and a few expert reviews in the in-outside of the country. As a result of this study, the discriminant accuracy of major-classes organized hierarchically by sub-classes and small-classes was 92.2 %, which was very high. However, in post hoc verification through analysis of variance, the discrimination power of two classes out of eight major-classes was rather low. It is expected that the standardized classification system of the national research facilities and equipment will be improved through this study.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-127
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• 2017

Even with the most advanced aviation technology benefits, aircraft accidents are constantly occurring while air passenger transportation volume is expected to double in the next 15 years. Since it is not possible to secure aviation safety only by the post aircraft accident safety action of accident investigations, it has been recognized and consensus has been formed that proactive and predictive prevention measures are necessary. In this sense, the aviation safety management system (SMS) was introduced in 2008 and has been carried out in earnest since 2011. SMS is a proactive and predictive aircraft accident preventive measure, which is a mechanism to eliminate the fundamental risk factors by approaching organizational factors beyond technological factors and human factors related to aviation safety. The methodology is to collect hazards in all the sites required for aircraft operations, to build a database, to analyze the risks, and through managing risks, to keep the risks acceptable or below. Therefore, the improper implementation of SMS indicates that the aircraft accident prevention is insufficient and it is to be directly connected with the aircraft accident. Reports of duty performance related hazards including their own errors are essential and most important in SMS. Under the policy of just culture for voluntary reporting, the guarantee of information providers' anonymity, non-punishment and non-blame should be basically secured, but to this end, under-reporting is stagnant due to lack of trust in their own organizations. It is necessary for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management to take a leading role to foster the safety culture initiating from just culture with the safety consciousness, balancing between safety and profit for the organization. Though a Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's order, "Guidance on SMS Implementation" states the training required for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management, it is not legally binding. Thus it is suggested that the SMS training completion certificates of accountable executive(CEO) and senior management be included in SMS approval application form that is legally required by "Korea Aviation Safety Program" in addition to other required documents such as a copy of SMS manual. Also, SMS related items are missing in the aircraft accident investigation, so that organizational factors in association with safety culture and risk management are not being investigated. This hinders from preventing future accidents, as the root cause cannot be identified. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Manuals issued by ICAO contain the SMS investigation wheres it is not included in the final report form of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. In addition, the US National Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) that has been a substantial example of the aircraft accident investigation for the other accident investigation agencies worldwide does not appear to expand the scope of investigation activities further to SMS. For these reasons, it is believed that investigation agencies conducting their investigations under Annex 13 do not include SMS in the investigation items, and the aircraft accident investigators are hardly exposed to SMS investigation methods or techniques. In this respect, it is necessary to include the SMS investigation in the organization and management information of the final report format of Annex 13. In Korea as well, in the same manner, SMS item should be added to the final report format of the Operating Regulation of the Aircraft and Railway Accident Investigation Board. If such legal and institutional improvement methods are complemented, SMS will serve the purpose of aircraft accident prevention effectively and contribute to the improvement of aviation safety in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.555-562
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• 2012

Due to the burgeoning Korean musical industry, the needs of professional man power as well as the quality and quantity increase in educational institutions are on the rise. The curriculum for art education comprises through school education programs in which embody the artists' self-growth and self-realization. The field of arts simply could not be executed with only techniques but through the theory and educational course, the artist is able to clearly express and communicate their genuine desires. Therefore, Korean musical education could not conform to shortsighted trends or be used as an instant tool for increasing competitiveness among universities but make an effort to provide good quality curriculum for the purpose of producing talented actors. Furthermore, the curriculums should build a sincere trust and give confidence in which receiving a cultural education before choosing a career path is not getting behind ahead of becoming an actor with practical training and knowledge. In order to do so, it is necessary for each university to have more systematical management and administration structure that enable students to build promising future even after graduation through more effective educational courses and strong network. As a result, the competitiveness of the university would rise due to producing talented actors and the quality of musical industry would further improve as well.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.173-197
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• 2015

The development of IT expanded the scale of e-commerce, and grew large Internet shopping malls. As having raised the consumers' interest in overseas direct purchase(ODP) recently, the number and purchasing amount of ODP are constantly increasing. However, consumers need to pay attention to the potential problems which might happen by consumer's damage and conflict, as increasing the consumption through ODP. Because consumer's damages on utilizing ODP happen to the reason such as the trust problem between business and consumer due to the way which traded non face to face, non-compliance of goods delivery, returns, and refunds, and information asymmetry of items, a large number of consumer's damages in a wide range are much more likely to occur nowadays. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of ODP, and propose consumer damage's reduction and policy of the government through pre or post scheme for consumer damage's relief and consumer protection. As the compensation for consumer damages is actually inadequate, this study proposed a feasible alternative to the adoption of e-commerce insurance for both aggressive compensation and protection for consumer's damages and risk transfer and sustainable development of e-commerce.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2010

Business models in open market systems targeting smart phone users are determined by several important factors. First, by providing developers efficient technical platforms, it contains a setting for developers to learn, apply and improve the skills relating to the product category easily while they stay beyond a corporate boundary. Second, by the first condition, a huge population of talented developers becomes to join a specific open market where will invite more customers to use their applications. Hence it will attract more and more developer participants who will finally give a rise to a persistent market growth. Third, the evaluation system between platform providers and application producers, and one between application producers and application users may underlie the trust relationships between them. The research conducted a multiple embedded case study to test the success factors of open market based business models. It focused on smart phone game communities that have installed user evaluation, and feedback systems. The user innovation empowerment model within the social game networks has highlighted the theories on the roles and characteristics of lead users, and lead user network behaviors for future NPD participations.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.77-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze how servant service factor of service marketing factors affects to customer's satisfaction, relationship quality, and commitment and consequently to see how these factors affect to revisit intention which is the hotel performance. The empirical results showed that technical factor and customer orientational factor had a significant influence on customer satisfaction and relationship quality, and functional factor affected to only relationship quality. Also customer and relationship quality had a significant influence, and commitment had a significant influence on revisit intention which is a performance factor. Specifically relationship quality built by the interrelationship between the purchasers and the suppliers showed higher influence than customer satisfaction's influence on the commitment. That is, when there is an interaction between trust on the employees and customer satisfaction, there is a greater synergy effect on the commitment. Although the degree of customer satisfaction is low, the commitment can be high with high effort of service providers. This implies that the attitude of service providers is the critical factor on the degree of commitment of service users.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the supplementation of antibiotics on meat quality grade of broiler carcasses under the Korean meat grading system. A total of 34,000 broiler carcasses, which were randomly selected 100 broilers from each farm in 340 broiler farms (305 farms with antibiotics; 35 farms without antibiotics), were used in this study. Average daily weight gain of broilers was not significantly affected by the use of antibiotics. The ratio of quality grade A was higher in the broiler carcasses from the farms with antibiotics supplementation (78.87%) than those without antibiotics (73.46%, P<0.05). The numbers of carcass defects, which are down-grade factors of meat grading system, were much higher in the broiler carcasses produced from the farms without antibiotics supplementation when compared with those with antibiotics. In particular, the incidence of the carcass defect on conformation was approximately 1.8 times higher in the carcasses from the farms without antibiotics supplementation than those with antibiotics, which showed the highest negative correlation with quality grade A. Therefore, the improvement of farm management system, the use of antibiotics alternatives from natural products, and a proper incentive should be considered in various ways to encourage farmers to reduce antibiotics usage in their farm and earn consumers' trust for antibiotics-free products.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.217-230
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• 2020

In a view of rapidly changing business environment, the success and competing power of organizations depend on committed, highly motivated and satisfied human resources. Empowerment is mainly concerned with establishing and building trust between management and employees, and motivating their participation. Also, behavioral integrity emphasizing on the characteristics of effective leaders has shown as direct action that strengthens positive consequences in organizations. However, research regarding behavioral integrity is very limited. Based on the Self-determination Theory, this paper investigates the effect of empowering leadership on employee's job satisfaction and work engagement. Multi-group analysis based on behavioral integrity is also analyzed. An online survey was conducted and 298 employees' data were collected. Using structural equation modeling, results suggest as follows. First, empowering leadership had a positive effect on individual's job satisfaction mediated by their work engagement. Second, the result of the multi-group analysis showed that the effect of empowering leadership on work engagement is stronger in the group with high behavioral integrity. Contrary to the prediction, the result doesn't support the moderating effect on job satisfaction. These findings contribute to our understanding of empowering leadership process. Based on the results, several theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.