A Study on Legal and Institutional Improvement Measures for the Effective Implementation of SMS -Focusing on Aircraft Accident Investigation-

  • Yoo, Kyung-In (Airline Service Department, Kwangju Women's University)
  • Received : 2017.12.05
  • Accepted : 2017.12.28
  • Published : 2017.12.30

Abstract

Even with the most advanced aviation technology benefits, aircraft accidents are constantly occurring while air passenger transportation volume is expected to double in the next 15 years. Since it is not possible to secure aviation safety only by the post aircraft accident safety action of accident investigations, it has been recognized and consensus has been formed that proactive and predictive prevention measures are necessary. In this sense, the aviation safety management system (SMS) was introduced in 2008 and has been carried out in earnest since 2011. SMS is a proactive and predictive aircraft accident preventive measure, which is a mechanism to eliminate the fundamental risk factors by approaching organizational factors beyond technological factors and human factors related to aviation safety. The methodology is to collect hazards in all the sites required for aircraft operations, to build a database, to analyze the risks, and through managing risks, to keep the risks acceptable or below. Therefore, the improper implementation of SMS indicates that the aircraft accident prevention is insufficient and it is to be directly connected with the aircraft accident. Reports of duty performance related hazards including their own errors are essential and most important in SMS. Under the policy of just culture for voluntary reporting, the guarantee of information providers' anonymity, non-punishment and non-blame should be basically secured, but to this end, under-reporting is stagnant due to lack of trust in their own organizations. It is necessary for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management to take a leading role to foster the safety culture initiating from just culture with the safety consciousness, balancing between safety and profit for the organization. Though a Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's order, "Guidance on SMS Implementation" states the training required for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management, it is not legally binding. Thus it is suggested that the SMS training completion certificates of accountable executive(CEO) and senior management be included in SMS approval application form that is legally required by "Korea Aviation Safety Program" in addition to other required documents such as a copy of SMS manual. Also, SMS related items are missing in the aircraft accident investigation, so that organizational factors in association with safety culture and risk management are not being investigated. This hinders from preventing future accidents, as the root cause cannot be identified. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Manuals issued by ICAO contain the SMS investigation wheres it is not included in the final report form of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. In addition, the US National Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) that has been a substantial example of the aircraft accident investigation for the other accident investigation agencies worldwide does not appear to expand the scope of investigation activities further to SMS. For these reasons, it is believed that investigation agencies conducting their investigations under Annex 13 do not include SMS in the investigation items, and the aircraft accident investigators are hardly exposed to SMS investigation methods or techniques. In this respect, it is necessary to include the SMS investigation in the organization and management information of the final report format of Annex 13. In Korea as well, in the same manner, SMS item should be added to the final report format of the Operating Regulation of the Aircraft and Railway Accident Investigation Board. If such legal and institutional improvement methods are complemented, SMS will serve the purpose of aircraft accident prevention effectively and contribute to the improvement of aviation safety in the future.

가장 진보된 항공기술의 발전에도 불구하고 항공기사고는 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 반면 승객수송 항공교통량은 향후 15년간 갑절로 증폭할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 항공기사고 발생 후에 안전조치로 수행되는 항공기사고조사만으로는 항공안전을 확보할 수 없기 때문에, 선제적이고 예측적인 사고예방대책의 필요성에 대한 공감대가 형성되었다. 이러한 명목으로 항공안전관리시스템(SMS)이 2008년부터 도입되어 2011년부터 본격적으로 수행되고 있다. SMS는 선제적이고 예측적인 항공기사고 예방대책으로서, 항공안전과 관련된 기술적 요소, 인적요소를 넘어 조직적 요소에 접근함으로써 근원적인 위험요인을 차단할 수 있는 메커니즘이다. 방법론적으로는 항공기운항에 필요한 모든 현장에서 잠재되어 있는 위험요소를 수집하여 데이터베이스를 구축하고, 위험을 분석하여, 위험을 관리함으로써, 위험을 수용가능하거나 그 이하로 유지하는 방법이다. 따라서 SMS의 부적절한 이행은 항공기사고 예방의 미흡함을 나타내며 항공기사고와 직결된다. SMS에 있어 자신의 실수를 포함하여 업무상 발생하는 위험요소의 보고가 필수적이고, 가장 중요한 요소로 간주된다. 이를 위하여 자발적 보고에 대한 공정문화의 정책 하에, 정보제공자의 익명성, 비처벌 및 비문책 보장이 기본적인 것으로 되어있으나, 조직에 대한 신뢰의 부족으로 보고는 미미한 수준으로 정체되어 있는 상황이다. 최고관리자가 고위관리자와 더불어 자신의 조직에 대한 안전과 수익의 균형을 유지할 수 있는 안전의식을 갖고, 공정문화가 주축이 된 안전문화의 주도적 역할이 필요하다. 이에 대한 법적 제도적 근거는 국토교통부 훈령인 "항공안전관리시스템 인 및 운영지침"에 최고관리자가 및 고위관리자가 받아야할 교육이 명시되어있으나, 법적 구속력이 없는 상태이다. 따라서 법적 구속력이 있는 고시인 "국가항공안전프로그램"의 항공안전관리시스템 승인신청서의 구비서류에, 최고관리자 및 고위관리자의 SMS 교육이수증명서가 추가되어야 할 필요가 있다. 또한 항공기사고조사에 SMS항목이 누락되어 있어 안전문화와 관련된 조직적 요소 및 위험관리 부분에 대한 조사가 수행되지 않고 있다. 이는 근원적인 원인에 대한 규명이 불가능하여 향후 사고예방에 장애요소로 작용된다. ICAO가 발행한 항공기사고조사매뉴얼에는 SMS조사가 포함되어 있지만, 국제민간항공조약 부속서 13의 최종보고서 양식에는 포함되어있지 않다. 또한 전 세계적으로 항공기사고조사의 실질적 표본이 되고 미국교통안전위원회가 SMS조사에 미온적인 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 이유들로 부속서 13에 의거 조사를 수행하고 있는 조사기구들은 SMS조사를 조사항목에 포함시키지 않고 있는 상황이며, 항공기사고 조사관들은 SMS 조사방법이나 기법에 노출되어 있지 않다. 이러한 맥락에서 부속서 13의 최종보고서 양식 중 조직 및 관리정보 목에 SMS조사를 포함시킬 필요가 있다. 국내적으로는 항공 철도사고조사위원회의 운영규정 중 최종보고서양식에 동일하게 SMS항목을 추가되어야 한다. 이러한 법적 제도적 개선방법이 보완되면 SMS의 이행이 효율적으로 이행되어 향후 항공안전증진에 기여하리라고 기대한다.

Keywords

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