• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.224-249
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• 2023

Gastric cancer is heterogeneous in morphology, biology, genomics, and treatment response. Alterations in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) levels, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) can be used as biomarkers. Since the combination of fluoropyrimidine/platinum plus trastuzumab that was investigated in the ToGA trial was approved as a standard of care in HER2-positive patients in 2010, no other agents showed efficacy in the first- (HELOISE, LOGiC, JACOB trials) and second- (TyTAN, GATSBY, T-ACT trials) line treatments. Despite the success in treating breast cancer, various anti-HER2 agents, including a monoclonal antibody (pertuzumab), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC; trastuzumab emtansine [T-DM1]), and a small molecule (lapatinib) failed to translate into clinical benefits until the KEYNOTE-811 (first-line) and DESTINY-Gastri01 (≥second-line) trials were conducted. The incorporation of HER2-directed treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the form of a monoclonal antibody or ADC is now approved as a standard treatment. Despite the promising results of new agents (engineered monoclonal antibodies, bi-specific antibodies, fusion proteins, and small molecules) in the early phase of development, the management of HER2-positive gastric cancer requires further optimization to achieve precision medicine with a chemotherapeutic backbone. Treatment resistance is a complex process that can be overcome using a combination of chemotherapy, targeted agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including novel agents. HER2 status must be reassessed in patients undergoing anti-HER2 treatment with disease progression after the first-line treatment. As a general guideline, patients who need systemic treatment should receive chemotherapy plus targeted agents, anti-angiogenic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or their combinations.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2001

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine (GdBOPTA) enhanced MR imaging for the detection of liver lesions in patients with primary malignant hepatic neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with histologically proven primary malignancy of the liver were evaluated before and after administration of GdBOPTA at dose 0.05 or 0.10 mmol/kg. T1-weighted spin echo (T1W-SE) and gradient echo (T1W-GRE) images were evaluated for lesion number, location, size and confidence by three off-site independent reviewers and the findings were compared to reference standard imaging (intraoperative ultrasound, computed tomography during arterial portography or lipiodol computed tomography). Results were analyzed for significance using a two-sided McNemar's test. Results: More lesions were identified on Gd-BOPTA enhanced images than on unenhanced images and there was no significant difference in lesion detection between either concentration. The largest benefit was in detection of lesions under 1 cm in size (7 to 21, 9 to 15, 16 to 18 for reviewers A, B, C respectively). In 68% of the patients with more than one lesion, Gd-BOPTA increased the number of lesions detected. Conclusion: Liver MR imaging after Gd-BOPTA increases the detection of liver lesions in patients with primary malignant hepatic neoplasm.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.92-96
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• 2006

With the change of family type and diversify of life style, residents need various unit plan in Quality. A rate of economically productive women has increased, and generally double-income households will continuously increase in the future. So a research is requested to consider the double-income households's satisfaction for a unit plan based on their life characteristics. The purpose of this study is to find out double-income households's lifestyles, and to search and analyze users' needs for spatial composition according to their lifestyles, and then, embody spatial composition of Apartment Unit plans. The findings are as follows. (1) Housing lifestyles of users living in apartment are categorized into 5 types: seeking the way to make housework easy and comfortable, making the best use spatial composition, pursing the universalism, housework oriented, pursing the leisure. (2) The type of seeking the way to make housework easy and comfortable requests facility with home appliances and a shower bath, the type of making the best use spatial composition requests storage space and trial about new plan, the type of pursing the universalism is concerned about the protection of environment and a memorial service, the type of housework oriented wants a talk with their family and discuss some problem, and the type of pursing the leisure requests division of household with their family and likes traveling and sports.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.444-453
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the differences between early and delayed enteral nutrition on nutritional intake. Methods: A pilot cohort study was conducted with 45 critically ill adult patients who had a primary medical diagnosis. Energy prescribed and received were collected during the four days after initiation of enteral nutrition. Adequate feeding was defined as the energy intake more than 90% of required energy. Results: A total of 23 patients (52%) were received early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours of admission). Energy intake of early enteral nutrition was less than intake of delayed enteral nutrition during the four days of the study. Although the difference on day one was significantly greater than the differences on day two, the differences on day two were not different from days three or four. No statistical differences in the adequacy of nutritional intake were found between patients in the early and the delayed group. Conclusion: In critically ill patients receiving early enteral nutrition, more aggressive administration from the beginning will improve the nutritional intake. Additional studies including a large multi-centre, randomized clinical trial are recommended.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

The common octopus, which has a high growth rate and high market price, is a prime candidate for commercial marine aquaculture operations. We evaluated the effectiveness of two types of shelters (pipe and tire types) for juvenile common octopus growing out in flow-through seawater tanks. Growth rates were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment (Experiment 1) ran for 72 days, and the second (Experiment 2; replicated) ran for 46 days. Each trial included 40 octopuses fed a diet of frozen sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and swimming crab (Portunustri tuberculatus) at 3-8% of body weight once every 3 days. In the two experiments, the respective specific growth rates were 0.3 and 0.04%/day in pipe-type shelters and 0.00 and 0.88%/day in tire-type shelters, while the respective percentage survivals were 80 and 80% in pipe-type shelters and 70 and 90% in tire-type shelters. Shelter type had little influence on the growth rate (P < 0.05).

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

The production processes were reviewed through the injection analysis of the shift lever as a core component of an auto lever installed in the automatic transmission of cars. The injection analysis was carried out for the shift lever and rod among the components in a shift lever module. The shift lever and rod are designed for injection molding with the insertion of a tube, a pin cable plate, and a steel rod for securing the strength of the product. The charging time, failure of injection molding, weld line, air trap, and deformation were reviewed according to this insert. Analyses on various gate positions were carried out for reviewing the cultivation and deformation of fiber around major components, such as the generation section of manipulation feeling and assembly section, so that optimal gate conditions might be reviewed and reflected in the mold design. Finally, we plan to compare the analysis results with the production of trial products.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2010

Objective: Interests in integrative medicine and CAM(Complementary and Alternative Medicine) are on the rise. However, the term 'integrative medicine' is often confused with the concept of CAM. This paper aims at clarifying the concept of integrative medicine. Methods: The definition, concept, and research methods used to explain integrative medicine have been inquired into. Also, the differences between the researches on integrative medicine and those on CAM have been studied. Moreover, domestic researches regarding integrative medicine have been analyzed. Results: The concept of integrative medicine was born in order to create a more patient-centered medicine by actively accommodating the medical system classified as CAM. The biggest difference that discriminates integrative medicine from CAM is the fact that integrative medicine does not depend solely on establishing its grounds through the process of RCT(Randomized Controlled Trial). Conclusion: Domestic researches regarding integrative medicine naturally leads to the concept of unification of medicine, but they do not concern the original meaning of integrative medicine. It is only after active discussions on the meaning, philosophical backgrounds, and research methods of integrative medicine become possible that a truly patient-oriented medicine will be realized.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.580-591
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• 2001

This paper proposes a fuzzy-sliding mode control which is designed by a self tuning fuzzy inference method based on a genetic algorithm. Using the method, the number of inference rules and the shape of the membership functions of the proposed fuzzy-sliding mode control are optimized without the aid of an expert in robotics. The fuzzy outputs of the consequent part are updated by the gradient descent method. It is further guaranteed that the selected solution becomes the global optimal solution by optimizing Akaikes information criterion expressing the quality of the inference rules. In order to evaluate the learning performance of the proposed fuzzy-sliding mode control based on a genetic algorithm, a trajectory tracking simulation of the polishing robot is carried out. Simulation results show that the optimal fuzzy inference rules are automatically selected by the genetic algorithm and the trajectory control result is similar to the result of the fuzzy-sliding mode control which is selected through trial error by an expert. Therefore, a designer who does not have expert knowledge of robot systems can design the fuzzy-sliding mode controller using the proposed self tuning fuzzy inference method based on the genetic algorithm.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.157-177
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• 2006

비와 비례 개념은 독립적으로 발달하는 것이 아니다. 오히려 이런 개념은 곱셈적 개념 장의 일부분으로 서로 관련을 가지면서 발달하게 된다. 곱셈적 개념 장에는 곱셈, 나눗셈, 분수, 비, 유리수와 같은 개념을 포함한다. 본 연구에서는 이런 개념의 발달 과정이 어떻게 시작하는가를 알아보기 위한 목적으로, 한 초등학교 4학년 아동을 대상으로 비례추론 과제를 해결하는 실험 수업을 실행하였다. 연구를 통해 이 아동이 비형식적 전략을 전개하면서 어떤 도전에 직면하였는지 그리고 비와 비례 개념을 전개하면서 어떤 수학적 지식이 유용하였는지를 분석할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 비와 비례 개념의 발달은 곱셈적 개념 장의 발달과 깊은 관계가 있다는 기존의 입장을 지지하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting on the successful cessation of smoking for six months in the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center. Methods: The subjects of this study were 568 adult smokers who had registered in the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center in B City. Data were analyzed through $x^2$-test, t-test, and logistic regression using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: Identified factors affecting the successful cessation of smoking for six months were service type, number of counseling, alcohol problem, previous quit-smoking trial, dependency on nicotine, CO level in expiration at the first visit time, self-reevaluation, helping relationship, negative/affective situational temptation, and Cons. Conclusion: Trans-theoretical Model variables were confirmed as factors affecting the success of smoking cessation. Based on the results of this study, a smoking cessation program was suggested, which uses Trans-theoretical Model variables affecting smoking cessation for six months in a public health center.