• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.905-912
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• 2013

A novel species, Metschnikowia cibodasensis, is proposed to accommodate eight strains (ID03-$0093^T$, ID03-0094, ID03-0095, ID03-0096, ID03-0097, ID03-0098, ID03-0099, and ID03-0109) isolated from flowers of Saurauia pendula, Berberis nepalensis, and Brunfelsia americana in Cibodas Botanical Garden, West Java, Indonesia. The type strain of M. cibodasensis is ID03-$0093^T$ (= NBRC $101693^T$ =UICC $Y-335^T$ = BTCC-$Y25^T$). The common features of M. cibodasensis are a spherical to ellipsoidopedunculate shaped ascus, which contains one or two needle-shaped ascospores, and lyse at maturity. Asci generally develop directly from vegetative cells but sometimes from chlamydospores. The neighbor-joining tree based on the D1/D2 domain of nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal DNA sequences strongly supports that M. cibodasensis (eight strains) and its closest teleomorphic species, M. reukaufii, are different species by a 100% bootstrap value. The type strain of M. cibodasensis, ID03-$0093^T$, differed from M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ by six nt (five substitutions and one deletion) in their D1/D2 region of nLSU rDNA, and by 18 nt (five deletions, four insertions, and nine substitutions) in their internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA, respectively. Four strains representative of M. cibodasensis (ID03-$0093^T$, ID03-0095, ID03-0096, and ID03-0099) showed a mol% G+C content of $44.05{\pm}0.25%$, whereas that of M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ was 41.3%. The low value of DNA-DNA homology (5-16%) in four strains of M. cibodasensis and M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ strongly supported that these strains represent a distinct species.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

This study was conducted to understand factors affecting TSS and heavy metals transport on the road, parking lot and roof. During storm events, heavy metals, which were mostly attached to TSS, were also transported when TSS was washed off in the road, parking lot and roof. This finding may be supported by the significant correlations between TSS load and total and soluble heavy metals load including Cr, Fe, Cu, and Pb (Pearson r value: 0.52 to 0.73; probability p value<0.01). Generation and transport of TSS and heavy metals were greater in the road and parking lot compared to the roof due to vehicular activities, slope and greater catchment areas of these sites. It was found that TSS transport during peak flows of storm events ranges from 65% to 75% implying that by controlling peak flows, TSS transportation to nearby water bodies may be decreased. Depending on the target TSS and heavy metal reduction, sizing of low impact development (LID) technologies and green infrastructures (GI) such as infiltration trench, tree box filter, and rain garden may be calculated. Future researchers were recommended to assess the limitations of the systems and determine the design considerations for these types of facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

In this study, the structure of forest vegetation in Mt. Seondalsan, Bongwha-gun, was analyzed. Vegetation data were collected in 137 quadrat plots using the Z-M phytosociological method from June to October 2018. These data were analyzed using vegetation classification, importance value,and species diversity. Consequently, vegetation was classified as a Quercus mongolica community group that was divided into four communities: Cornus controversa, Phlomis umbrosa, Pinus densiflora, and Q. mongolica communities. The C. controversa community was subdivided into Magnolia sieboldii and Parthenocissus tricuspidata groups; the P. densiflora community was divided into Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum, Quercus variabilis, and P. densiflora groups. In the C. controversa community, the M. sieboldii group was divided into the Acer mandshuricum and M. sieboldii subgroups, whereas the P. tricuspidata group was divided into the Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and P. tricuspidata subgroups. In the P. densiflora community, the V. hirtum var. koreanum group was divided into the Rhododendron micranthum and V. hirtum var. koreanum subgroups. According to importance value analysis, C. controversa, L. kaempferi, P. koraiensis, Q. mongolica, Acer pictum subsp. mono, P. densiflora, and Q. variabilis were mainly indicated to have high value in the tree layer. The species diversity of Mt. Seondalsan was 1.969, which was greater than that of another Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 2011

Gabensis village is one of the biggest village In the Wampar Local Level Government area within the Huon Gulf District of Morobe Province with a population of around 3,000. The major staple food is banana which is well complemented by minor staples yam, cassava, Singapore/Chinese taro and sweet potato. Apart from gardening for own consumption, the villagers engage in selling of vegetables, garden staples, cocoa beans, coconuts, timber, chicken, fish and pig meat to supplement their livelihood. Livestock like pigs and chickens are also kept for meat and for commercial purpose. Bettlenut which was once one of the main cash crops has now been overtaken by cocoa due to a disease that had attacked almost the entire bettlenut tree population in the area. Even though the Wau-Bulolo highway cuts through the village and all have access to transport infrastructure, the majority of the population still encounter problems in communication due to poor telecommunication coverage. On average most people earn not more than K50 per week due to constrains in production and marketing among others. Gabensis village has the potential to develop a tourism industry given its natural attraction of Lake Wanam. Beside there is also the natural eel farming and the fish pond at the nearby Potsie village. These natural attractions pose huge tourism potential for the community. As part of government services delivery and development, education and health issues is very much important in the community however there is lack of infrastructural development and poor service delivery especially in the area of health. However, the responsibility is on the community to organize themselves to realize that potential. A well developed agro-ecotourism investments would have positive spillover effects to the community thus contributing towards improving the livelihoods of the many farming families.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 2021

This study applied the theory of Landscape Ecology to representative resources of Jeju Olle-gil, which is a representative subject of walking tourism, to identify ecological characteristics and to establish a technique for landscape ecological analysis of Olle-gil resources. Jeju Olle Trail type based on the biotope type, major land use, vegetation status around Olle Trail and roads were divided into 12 types. Based on the type of ecological tourism resource classification, the Jeju Olle-gil walking tourism resource classification was divided into seven types of natural resources and seven types of humanities resources, and each resource was characterized by Geotope, Biotope, and Anthropopope, just like the landscape ecology system. Geotope resources are strong in landscape characteristics such as coast and beach, rocks, bedrocks, waterfalls, geology and Jusangjeolli Cliff, Oreum and craters, water resources, and landscape viewpoints. The Biotope resources showed strong ecological characteristics due to large tree and protected tree, Gotjawal, forest road and vegetation communities, biological habitat, vegetation landscape view point. Antropotope include Culture of Jeju Haenyeo and traditional culture, potting and lighthouses, experience facilities, temples and churches, military and beacon facilities, other historical and cultural facilities, and cultural landscape views. Jeju Olle Trail The representative resources for each type of Jeju Olle Trail are coastal, Oreum, Gotjawal, field and Stonewall Fencing farming land, Jeju Village and Stone wall of Jeju. In order to learn about the components and various functions of the resources representing the Olle Trail's ecological culture, the landscape ecological technique was interpreted. Looking at the ecological and cultural characteristics of coastal, the coast includes black basalt rocks, coastal vegetation, coastal grasslands, coastal rock vegetation, winter migratory birds and Jeju haenyeo. Oreum is a unique volcanic topography, which includes circular and oval mountain bodies, oreum vegetation, crater wetlands, the origin and legend of the name of Oreum, the legend of the name of Oreum, the culture of grazing horses, the use of military purposes, the object of folk belief, and the view from the summit. Gotjawal features rocky bumps, unique microclimate formation, Gotjawal vegetation, geographical names, the culture of charcoal being baked in the past, and bizarre shapes of trees and vines. Field walls include the structure and shape of field walls, field cultivation crops, field wall habitats, Jeju agricultural culture, and field walls. The village includes a stone wall and roof structure built from basalt, a pavilion at the entrance of the village, a yard and garden inside the house, a view of the lives of local people, and an alleyway view. These resources have slowly changed with the long lives of humans, and are now unique to Jeju Island. By providing contents specialized for each type of Olle Trail, tourists who walk on Olle will be able to experience the Olle Trail in depth as they learn the story of the resources, and will be able to increase the sustainable use and satisfaction of Jeju Olle Trail users.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to identify potential semantic landscape makeup of "the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon" according to Yin-Yang and Five Elements Principle(陰陽五行論). that speculation system between human's nature and cosmical universal order. Existing academic discussions made so far concerning this topic can be summed up as follows: 1. Among Yin-Yang-based landscape makeups of the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon, poetic writings for embodiment of interactions between nature and human behaviors focused on depicting dynamic aspects of a poetic narrator when he appreciates or explores hills and streams as of to live free from worldly cares. Primarily, many of those writings were created on the east and south primarily through assignment of yang. On the other hand, poetic writings for embodiment of nature and seasonal scenery - as static landscape makeup of yin - were often created on or near the north and west for many times. Those writings focusing on embodiment of nature and artificial scenery as a work are divided into two categories: One category refers to author Kim In-hu's expression of semantic landscape from seasonal scenery in nature. The other refers to his depiction of realistic garden images as they are. In the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon, the poetic writings show that author Kim focused on embodying seasonal scenery rather than expressing human behaviors. In addition, both Poem No. 1 and Poem No. 48(last poem; titled 'Jangwon Jeyeong') were created in a same place, which author Kim sought to understand the place as a space of beginning and end where yin and yang - i.e. the principle of natural cycle - are inherent. 2. According to construction about landscape in the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon on the basis of Ohaeng-ron (five natural element principle), it was found that tree(木) and fire(火) are typical examples of a world combined by emanation. First, many of poetic writings depicting the sentiments of tree focused on embodying seasonal scenery and were located in the place of Ogogmun(五曲門) area in the east, from overall perspective of Soswaewon. The content of these poems shows generation and curve / straightness in flexibility and simplicity. Many of poems depicting the sentiments of fire(火) focused on embodying human behaviors, and they were created in Aeyangdan area on the south of Soswaewon over which sun rises at noon. These poems are all on a status of side movement that is characterized by emanation and ascension which belong to attributes of yang. 3. With regard to Ohaeng-ron's interpretation about landscape in the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon, it was found that metal(金) and water(水) are typical examples of world combined by convergence. First, it was found that all of poems depicting sentiments of metal focused on embodying seasonal scenery, and were created in a bamboo grove area on the west from overall perspective of Soswaewon. They represent scenery of autumn among 4 seasons to symbolize faithfulness vested in a man of virtue(seonbi) with integrity and righteousness. Poems depicting sentiments of water were created in vicinity of Jewoldang on the north, possibly topmost of Soswaewon. They were divided into two categories: One category refers to poems embodying actions of welcoming the first full moon deep in the night after sunset, and the other refers to poems embodying natural scenery of snowscape. All of those poems focused on expressing any atmosphere of turning into yin via convergence. 4. With regard to Ohaeng-ron's interpretation of landscape in the Forty Eight Poems of Soswaewon, it was found that poems depicting sentiments of earth(土), a complex body of convergence and emanation, were created in vicinity of mountain stream around Gwangpunggak which is located in the center of Soswaewon. These poems focused on carrying actions of author Kim by way of natural phenomena and artificial scenery.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.86-103
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• 2016

'Sukchunjeahdo' illustration-book, which was left by Han, Pil-gyo(韓弼敎 : 1807~1878)in the late Joseon Dynasty, includes pictorial record paintings containing government offices, Eupchi, and Feng Shui condition drawn by Gyehwa(界畵) method Sabangjeondomyobeop(四方顚倒描法) and is the rare historical material that help to understand spatial structure and landscape characteristics. Youngyuhyun(永柔縣) and Sincheongun(信川郡) town, the case sites of this study, show Feng Shui foundation structure and placement rules of government offices in the Joseon Period are applied such as 3Dan 1Myo(三壇一廟 : Sajikdan, Yeodan, Seonghwangdan, Hyanggyo), 3Mun 3Jo(三門三朝 : Oeah, Dongheon, Naeah) and Jeonjohuchim(前朝後寢) etc. by setting the upper and lower hierarchy of the north south central axis. The circulation system is the pattern that roads are segmented around the marketplace of the entrance of the town and the structure is that heading to the north along the internal way leads to the government office and going out to the main street leads to the major city. Baesanimsu(背山臨水 : Mountain in backward and water in front) foundation, back hill pine forest, intentionally created low mountains and town forest etc. showed landscape aesthetics well suited for the environmental comfort condition such as microclimate control, natural disaster prevention, psychological stability reflecting color constancy principle etc. and tower pavilions were built throughout the scenic spot, reflecting life philosophy and thoughts of contemporaries such as physical and mental discipline, satisfied at the reality of poverty, returning to nature etc. For government office landscape, shielding and buffer planting, landscape planting etc. were considered around Gaeksa(客舍), Dongheon(東軒), Naeah(內衙) backyard and deciduous tree s and flowering trees were cultivated as main species and in case of Gaeksa, tiled pavilions and pavilions topped with poke weed in tetragonal pond were introduced to Dongheon and Naeah and separate pavilions were built for the purpose of physical and mental discipline and military training such as archery. Back hill pine tree forest formed back landscape and zelkova, pear trees, willow trees, old pine trees, lotus, flowering trees etc. were cultivated as gardening trees and Feng-Shui forest with willow trees as its main species was created for landscape and practical purposes. On the other hand, various cultural landscape elements etc. were introduced such as pavilions, pond serving as fire protection water(square and circle), stone pagoda and stone Buddha, fountains and wells, monument houses, flagpoles etc. In case of Sincheongun town forest(邑藪), Manhagwan(挽河觀), Moonmujeong(文武井), Sangjangdae(上場岱) and Hajangdae(下場岱) Market place, Josanshup<(造山藪 : Dongseojanglim(東西長林)>, Namcheon(南川) etc. were combined and community cultural park with the nature of modern urban park was operated. In this context, government office landscape shows the garden management aspect where square pond and pavilions, flowering trees are harmonized around side pavilion and backyard. Also, environmental design technique not biased to aesthetics and ideological moral philosophy and comprehensively considering functionality (shielding and fire prevention, microclimate control, etc.) and environmental soundness etc. is working.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 2012

This study aimed at empirically identifying how the cultural phenomena of localisation and attachment are implemented through Mohyeonjeong and Supodae at Gajo-myeon, Geochang-gun, Gyeongnam. 'Daehakdong', the name of the place where the Mohyeon-jeong and Supodae is located, has a meaning of the place where Geong-Pil Kim(金宏弼) the Hanhwondang(寒暄堂), one of the 5 eastern sages, and Yeo-Chang Jeong(鄭汝昌) the Ildu tought Neo-Confucianism. In addition, in case of Mt. Odo(1,134m) embracing the garden, the meaning of Odo is the five virtues in Confucianism, so we can see that Confucianism was strong in that area. The meaning of 'Mohyeon(慕賢)', "missing and thinking of sages", reflects the emotion of attachment to the place where people pay a tribute to the memory of Seon-Saeng Yang the Hwondu, one of the 5 eastern sages and the creator of Neo-Confucianism in Kyeongnam, and Suk-Ryang Choi(崔淑梁) the ancestors Pyeongchon. In addition, Odojae(吾道齋), Kijeok monument to pay a tribute to the memory of Pyeongchon, the persimmon tree symbolizing Hanhwondang, and Jidongam(志同巖) standing in front of Mohyeon pavillion represent the united wills of the above 3 people to show their Dohak(道學) spirit by practicing it, and also a reiterated expression of attachment to the place. 'Hwonduyangseonsaeng janggujiso' and 'Pyeongchonchoigong ganghakjiso(坪村崔公講學地所)' engraved on the rock of Myeongso Supodae where they gave a lecture of Neo-Confucianism to local Confucianists for many years and enjoyed nature make us to identify the intrinsic meaning of the location that was inherited in the memory of people. Along with this, most of the content of poetry, restoration records, and Sangryang articles are filled with the content reminding of the historical meaning and origin of Mohyeon-jeong and Supodae, so we can see from this that the place had the spatial meaning of Jangsujiso(藏修之所), 'the place of lecturing and communicating' and respecting ancient sages. This spatial tradition is the result of positive attachment to the place, and Mohyeon-jeong and Supodae is the place where the attachment to the place was made spontaneously througth the localisation. To sum it up, Mohyeon-jeong and Supodae was the place of attachment where one paid a tribute to the memory of ancient sages, and Mohyeonjeong and Supodae rocks were the representative examples of the localisation to show the meaning of the place by implication. Studying the process of attachment and localisation of the place does not only enable us to infer the genuine form of the traditional memorial space and park, but also to reproduce the place with the modern concept.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.27-40
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• 2021

This study was carried out for the description of the conflicts on the measurement of the root collar diameter of the landscape trees that are currently being produced, distributed, and planted in S. Korea, and for determination of the standard for root collar diameter measurement. The difference in consciousness of appropriate measurement of root collar diameter among different ages of landscape practitioners was statistically significant at p<0.05 level. It seemed to be due to the difference in the amount of field experiences among different age groups. On "the ambiguity of measuring the root collar diameter' of landscape trees", the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job positions. On "Improvement of measurement criteria for landscape trees," it was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job types. This was thought to be due to the disagreement between the client and the contractor. On "prevention of topsoil removal" when excavating landscape trees, the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.001 level among different age groups, and different at p<0.01 level among different occupations, and different at p<0.05 level among different working area. The consciousness on "removing top soil when excavating landscape trees and rooting after transplantation" was not significantly different. The consciousness on the conflict caused by "ambiguity in root collar diameter measurement criteria" was high with an average of 3.85 for job type, occupation, jop position, and work experience. It was higher for landscape contractors than public institutions. The higher job positions and more experiences, the more conflicts. The consciousness on the appropriate position of root collar diameter measurement for landscape trees revealed that measuring at above-ground part (66.5%) was prefered to the underground part (33.0%). During the excavation of landscape trees for transplant, topsoil removal up to average depth of -2cm to -4cm was favored by 84.0%, and the purpose of removing topsoil was recognized as 'to increase the size and unit cost' by 59.7%.