• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.17B no.6
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• pp.459-466
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• 2010

Natural language processing has several ambiguity problems, and English-Korean machine translation especially includes those problems to be solved in each translation step. This paper focuses on resolving part-of-speech ambiguity of English words in order to improve the efficiency of English analysis, which is in part of efforts for developing practical English-Korean machine translation system. In order to improve the efficiency of the English analysis, the part-of-speech determination must be fast and accurate for being integrated with machine translation system. This paper proposes the probabilistic models for part-of-speech determination. We use Penn Treebank corpus in building the probabilistic models. In experiment, we present the performance of the part-of-speech determination models and the efficiency improvement of the machine translation system by the proposed part-of-speech determination method.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.759-768
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• 2018

As the number of exchange in various fields between countries increases, the number of international conference increases. Many students study simultaneous interpretation due to the increased demand of simultaneous interpretation. Since simultaneous interpretation requires a lot of learning time, students majoring in translation perform the self learning. The paper based sight translation training system is a representative self learning method, but backtracking decreases the efficiency of self learning and it requires the help of the partner. To improve the learning efficiency, computer based sight translation training system has been proposed. However, since students uses the computer based sight translation training system only in a fixed area due to low mobility of computer, the utilization of the system decreases. In this paper, smart device based sight translation training system has been proposed to increase the utilization of the proposed system. Since smart device has lower computing capabilities than the computer, we have proposed algorithms to deal with the low performance. We implement and evaluate the functionalities of the proposed training system.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2013

In this study, we propose a nonparametric simultaneous test procedure for the location translation and scale parameters. We consider the Wilcoxon rank sum test for the location translation parameter and the Mood test for the scale parameter with the quadratic and maximal types of combining functions. Then we derive the limiting null distributions of the combining functions. We illustrate our procedure with an example and compare efficiency by obtaining the empirical powers through a simulation study. Finally, we discuss some interesting features related to the nonparametric simultaneous tests.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to verify the two problems(normalization for the different inputs and outputs data, translation invariant for the negative data) which will be occurred in measuring the seaport DEA(data envelopment analysis) efficiency. The main result is as follow: Normalization and translation invariant in the BCC model for measuring the seaport efficiency by using 26 Korean seaport data in 1995 with two inputs(berthing capacity, cargo handling capacity) and three outputs(import cargo throughput, export cargo throughput, number of ship calls) was verified. The main policy implication of this paper is that the port management authority should collect the more specific data and publish these data on the inputs and outputs in the seaports with consideration of negative(ex. accident numbers in each seaport) and positive value for analyzing the efficiency by the scholars, because normalization and translation invariant in the data was verified.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Objectives: Standard is a unified criterion for some repeated things or concepts in a certain scope. It is fundamental to implement standardization in English translation of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) formulae to promote progress in the evaluation of TKM and also to serve in enhancing the efficiency in studies of medical formulae. Methods: We undertook literature research on current Korean and Chinese medicinal formulae in English translation, analyzing 485 Korean formulae and 464 Chinese. We also undertook a comparative study of 102 common English translation of both Korean and Chinese, proposing a constant and effective methods for English translation of medical formulae. Results: To have a precise English translation we classified medical formulae nomenclature in advance. We found that formulae naming can be fundamentally classified into 6 forms which are (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, and (f) Miscellaneous. Based on these findings we could determine that these 6 types ((a)-(f)) can all be translated into English by (1) Materia Medica + Preparation Form and (2) Indication + Preparation Form + of (with) + Materia Medica schemes. In regard to translation of Indication it can follow Noun+~ing participle form. Conclusion: This research provides a common method of TKM medicinal formulae English translation for better understanding, education, training, practice and research in TKM. Consequently, English translation using these methods can serve as the initial study for standardization of TKM medicinal formulae.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.445-473
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• 2018

This article deals with the reason for translating Korean Chinese written classics and the image of the person performing the translation. The scope of the research was restricted to South Korea and the translation value of translating the Korean classical texts from the 1960s to the 2018. In the 1960s and 1970s, the discourse of national culture and the Classical Sinology(漢學) discourse centered around the Minjokmunwhachujinhwe(民族文化推進會, National Culture Promotion Association). The discourse of the national culture was paired with the modernization, and the discourse of Classical Sinology(漢學) discourse was a certain antagonism to the discourse of modernization. The translator stereotype in this periods was close to a Classical Sinology(漢學) who could wright Korean letters. The discourse of the national culture led to the establishment of The Academy of Korean Studies by pairing with the discourse of the spiritual culture, and then changed into Korean study discourse in the 1980s. Since the mid 80s, the theory of translation has been introduced byo Kim Yong-ok. The translation of the Chosun dynasty annals, which started in the 70s, made the classical translation discourse in the classical translation field into the national project efficiency discourse. To the Early achievement of state-led gigantic project through group translation, they emphasized coherence and efficiency. On the contrary, the individuality of the translators and aspects of in-depth research have weakened. This discourse also influenced until the early 2000s. These large translation projects were produced by professional translator group. With the establishment of the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics(Hankuk Kojon Bunyukwon) in 2007, he foundation for the stability of the classical translation business was established, and the classical translation discourse was shifted to the academic discourse centered on classical translation sudies. This discussion was expanded to the request of the establishment of an academic institution called the Classical Translation Graduate School, with a discussion on the academic identities of classical translation studies. The imagies of translators, paired with the academic discourse of this period, and that the classical translators must be classical scholars and translators, are begun to be requested. Thus, the classical translation value discourse changed with the passage of time, and the imagies of classical translators have been changed accordingly.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2022

Based on the importance of dialect research, preservation, and communication, this paper conducted a study on machine translation of Korean dialects for dialect users who may be marginalized. For the dialect data used, AIHUB dialect data distributed based on the highest administrative district was used. We propose a many-to-one dialect machine translation that promotes the efficiency of model distribution and modeling research to improve the performance of the dialect machine translation by applying Copy mechanism. This paper evaluates the performance of the one-to-one model and the many-to-one model as a BLEU score, and analyzes the performance of the many-to-one model in the Korean dialect from a linguistic perspective. The performance improvement of the one-to-one machine translation by applying the methodology proposed in this paper and the significant high performance of the many-to-one machine translation were derived.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.731-740
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• 2011

Reconfigurable computing using a field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) device has become a promising solution in system design because of its power efficiency and design flexibility. To bring the benefit of FPGA to many application programmers, there has been intensive research about automatic translation from high-level programming languages (HLL) such as C and C++ into hardware. However, the large gap of syntaxes and semantics between hardware and software programming makes the translation challenging. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for the translation by using the widely used GCC compiler. By simply adding a hardware description language (HDL) backend to the existing state-of- the-art compiler, we could minimize an effort to implement the translator while supporting full features of HLL in the HLL-to-HDL translation and providing high performance. Our translator, called GCC2Verilog, was implemented as the GCC's cross compiler targeting at FPGAs instead of microprocessor architectures. Our experiment shows that we could achieve a speedup of up to 34 times and 17 times on average with 4-port memory over PICO microprocessor execution in selected EEMBC benchmarks.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.273-281
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• 2016

In this paper, we consider the discussion of the breakdown phenomenon of korean language that is displayed in the language of the Internet media, as a technical improvement approach to this, and to provide an automatic translation technology of standard language. The collected through real life surveys and experience and damage case regarding language breakdown phenomena in the FGI (Focussed Group Interview), and presents the results of the analysis, based on the analysis result data, we defined the index of language destroyed (degree of Korean destruction). The limit of the national language break or automatic translation technology standard language marked with translation errors that have to be minimized, the efficiency of the automatic translation technology standard language which may be utilized as a measure to get the maximum, and presented through the Internet media texts 2,480 pieces of analysis. Automatic translation technology of the standard language and was also measured the proposed language destroyed in this paper, we implemented in the form of a REST API using the Java language, was confirmed to work on the Web browser.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1280-1285
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• 2004

Retron is a prokaryotic genetic element, producing a short single-stranded DNA covalently linked to RNA (msDNA-RNA) by a reverse transcriptase (RT). In retron EC83, msDNA is further processed at between the 4th and the $5^{th}$ nucleotides, leaving a 79 nucleotide-long single-stranded DNA as a final product. To investigate this site-specific cleavage in msDNA synthesis, we purified the RT protein of retron EC83. Initially, RT ORF was cloned under the tac promoter, but the expression was very poor largely because of poor translation. In order to facilitate translation, the nucleotide sequence for the first nine amino acids was randomized with synonymous codons. This change of downstream sequence of translational initiation codon greatly affected the efficiency of translation. We could isolate clones which greatly increased RT production, and their sequences were compared to those of the low producers. The overproduced protein was purified and was shown to have RT activity.