• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.869-895
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• 2000

The US supports the Information and Communication (IC) industry as a strategic one to wield a complete power over the World Market. However, several other countries are also eager to have the support for the IC industry because the industry produces a high added value and has a significant effect on other industries. Korea is not an exception. Korea recently succeeded in the commercialization of CDMA for the first time in the world, after the successful development of TDX. Hence, it is highly likely to get tracked by the US. Although the IC industry is a specific sector of IT, there is a concern that there might be a trade friction between the US and Korea due to a possible competition. It will be very important to prepare a solution in advance so that Korea could prevent the friction and at the same time increase its share domestically and globally. It will be our important task to solve the problem with the minimum cost if the conflict arises unfortunately in the IT area. The parties that have a strong influence on the US trade policy are the think tank group and the IT-related interest group. Therefore, it would be important to have a close relationship with them. We found some implications by analyzing the case of Japan, which has experienced trade frictions with the US over the long period of time in the high tech industry. In order to get rid of those conflicts with the US, the Japanese did the following things : (1) The Japanese government developed supporting theories and also resorted to international support so that the world could support the Japanese theories. (2) Through continual dialogue with the US business people, the Japanese business people sought after solutions to share profits among the Japanese and the US both in the domestic and in the worldwide markets. They focused on lobbying activities to influence the US public opinion to support the Japanese. The specific implementation plan was first to open culture lobby toward opinion leaders who were leaders about the US opinion. The institution, Japan Society, were formed to deliver a high quality lobbying activities. The second plan is economic lobby. They have established Japanese Economic Institute at Washington. They provide information about Japan regularly or irregularly to the US government, research institution, universities, etc., that are interested in Japan. The main objective behind these activities though is to advertise the validity of Japanese policy. Japanese top executives, practical interest groups on international trade, are trying to justify their position by direct contact with the US policy makers. The third one is political lobby. Japan is very careful about this political lobby. It is doing its best not to give impression that Japan is trying to shape the US policy making. It is collecting a vast amount of information to make a correct judgment on situation. It is not tilted toward one political party or the other, and is rather developing a long-term network of people who understand and support the Japanese policy. The following implications were drawn from the experience of Japan. First, the Korean government should develop a long-term plan and execute it to improve the Korean image perceived by American people. Second, the Korean government should begin public relation activities toward the US elite group. It is inevitable to make an effort to advertise Korea to this elite group because this group leads public opinion in the USA. Third, the Korean government needs the development of a relevant policy to elevate the positive atmosphere for advertising toward the US. For example, we need information about to whom and how to about lobbying activities, personnel network who immediately respond to wrong articles about Korea in the US press, and lastly the most recent data bank of Korean support group inside the USA. Fourth, the Korean government should create an atmosphere to facilitate the advertising toward the US. Examples include provision of incentives in tax on the expenses for the advertising toward the US and provision of rewards to those who significantly contribute to the advertising activities. Fifth, the Korean government should perform the role of a bridge between Korean and the US business people. Sixth, the government should promptly analyze the policy of IT industry, a strategic area, and timely distribute information to industries in Korea. Since the Korean government is the only institution that has formal contact with the US government, it is highly likely to provide information of a high quality. The followings are some implications for business institutions. First, Korean business organization should carefully analyze and observe the business policy and managerial conditions of US companies. It is very important to do so because all the trade frictions arise at the business level. Second, it is also very important that the top management of Korean firms contact the opinion leaders of the US. Third, it is critically needed that Korean business people sent to the USA do their part for PR activities. Fourth, it is very important to advertise to American employees in Korean companies. If we cannot convince our American employees, it would be a lot harder to convince regular American. Therefore, it is very important to make the American employees the support group for Korean ways. Fifth, it should try to get much information as early as possible about the US firms policy in the IT area. It should give an enormous effort on early collection of information because by doing so it has more time to respond. Sixth, it should research on the PR cases of foreign enterprise or non-American companies inside the USA. The research needs to identify the success factors and the failure factors. Finally, the business firm will get more valuable information if it analyzes and responds to, according to each medium.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Illegal software use have been abroad through online (internet) and offline (CD, DVD, USB, etc.). It infringes intellectual property rights and weakens the will to software development. Also, it generates the software errors and virus intrusion in PC. It hinders national software industry and induces the personal and national trade friction. Many group (company, office, organization, institution, etc.) have been realized the prohibition of illegal software use. But, it is too hard to monitor and control illegal software use. In this paper, we propose a method of software management in a group. A software module of client agency is installed in all PC of the group. A main server of the software management controls the all of the PC through the communication. The server blocks the install of illegal software, permits the install / use of honest goods software, monitors the license (term, amount) in all the PC. The system prevents errors of illegal software use, all cuts the virus intrude through the illegal software, improves the performance of PC relatively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

It confirmed the facilitated diffusion of $Na^+$ of frog bladder membrane which is a tissue membrane. The mechanism was explained in $Na^+$ channel model and its referred to the $Na^+$ channel obstruction ingredient which was contained in the reference to the $Na^+$ channel obstruction ingredient and son on, e.g., seaweed, shellfish, pufferfish, phytoplankton and chinese drug. Also, it introduces the result which studied from the barrier point of the application of the tissue biosensor to the trade friction on Korea or Japan pufferfish and the marine environment in the one with high dependance. It was possible for the poison quantity of small amount pufferfish toxin (TTX), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) to be measured and also to measure poison quantity in the cultivation poisonous toxin phytoplankton individual. In future, as for this tissue biosensor, it expects that it is possible to contribute widely until environment watch and also monitoring to the scene.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.218-228
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• 2018

The government should establish internationally harmonious regulations for effective import and export of necessary resources to other countries. However, the use and the number of pesticides used for the same purpose on same crops are depending on the soil and the climate where the crops are grown. Therefore, if internationally harmonized standards are difficult to establish, it is mandatory to conduct a risk assessment based on scientific data to reflect the domestic situation in order to avoid trade friction or conflict between countries. The government is preparing the implementation of a more regulated PLS (positive list systme) than the existing pesticide management system for safer pesticide management reflecting the recent increasing imported food, changing dietary habits, and changing climate. In order for effectively safe and scientific management of pesticides, the government should strive to communicate with consumers properly and the perception of pesticides by consumers should also be changed.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-102
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• 2014

A parallel importation is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. It is caused by price differences between countries. Therefore parallel importation are implication in issues of international trade and intellectual property rights(hereafter referred as IPR). This paper provides parallel importation issues of Korea and China under the IPR laws such as patent, trademarks, copyright and analyzes difference between two countries. In China, patent law regulates exhaustion rights which is based theory of a parallel import for the first time unlike trademark law and copyright law. On the other hands, Korea rules parallel importing under Korean customs regulations. In conclusion, two countries have no provisions that advocate a parallel import under IPR laws. This paper suggests some improvements to overcome the limitation of current regulation system and avoid trade friction between two countries. First of all, two countries should clearly make a rule about parallel import in IPR law such as definition of parallel importation, genuine goods, permission conditions, importing proses, penalty and remedy etc. Secondly, two countries should prohibit an abuse of a exclusive import agent's rights and manage a parallel importer not to cause consumer's complain about goods to expansion parallel imports. Finally, two countries should cooperate not to cause disputes about this issue with a communication channel.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.111-130
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• 2018

In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted to cope with global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission and to prevent the average temperature of the Earth from rising. Renewable energy sources have become important to address environmental problems such as rising sea levels, depletion of forests and fine dust. In order to grow renewable energy, government support is needed. However, excessive government support for the renewable energy industry could pose problems that include undermining fair competition and raising costs. The WTO already has heard cases involving renewable energy subsidies. This article focuses on subsidies and countervailing tariffs as well as examines WTO disputes related to renewable subsidies, and also analyze legal issues that are problematic in granting subsidies for the development of new renewable energy industries. In WTO dispute involving renewable energy subsidies, legal issues are SCM Agreement article 2 Specificity, article 3 (b) import substitution subsidy and GATT article 20. This paper proposes improvement measures such as the reintroduction of article 8 Non-Actionable Subsidies or special provisions on energy subsidy. In addition, it is necessary to clarify the interpretation of Article 3 of the subsidy agreement. However, excessive government subsidies can lead to trade friction, so the WTO rules should be improved in line with the WTO goals of environmental protection, equity in free trade, and sustainable development.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 2006

Modification of injector, oil ring tension reduction and oil pump rotor re-matching with optimization of relevant engine control parameters could drive fuel consumption reduction of HSDI diesel engine. A 5 holes injector was replaced with a 6 holes with smaller nozzle hole diameter and 1.5 k factor, and evaluated in a view of fuel economy and emission trade-offs. With introducing smaller nozzle hole diameter injector, PM(Particulate Matter) was drastically decreased for low engine load and low engine rpm. Modification of oil pump and oil ring was to reduce mechanical friction and be proved to better fuel economy. Optimization of engine operating conditions was a great help for the low fuel consumption. Influence of the engine operating parameters· including pilot quantity, pilot interval, air mass and main injection timing on fuel economy, smoke and NOx has been evaluated with 14 points extracted from NEDC(New European Driving Cycle) cycle. The fuel consumption was proved to $7\%$ improvement on an engine bench and $3.7\%$ with a vehicle.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.761-769
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• 2007

The configuration of the flow channel on a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) for efficient reactant supply has great influence on the performance of the fuel cell. Recent demand for higher energy density fuel cells requires an increase in current density at mid voltage range and a decrease in concentration overvoltage at high current density. Therefore, an interdigitated flow channel where mass transfer rate by convection through a gas diffusion layer is greater than the mass transfer by a diffusion mechanism through a gas diffusion layer was recently proposed. This study attempts to analyze the i-V performance, mass transfer and pressure drop in interdigitated flow channels by developing a fully three dimensional simulation model for PEMFC that can deal with anode and cathode flow together. The results indicate that the trade off between performance and pressure loss should be considered for efficient design of flow channels. Although the performance of the fuel cell with interdigitated flow is better than that with conventional flow channels due to a strong mass transfer rate by convection across a gas diffusion layer, there is also an increase in friction due to the strong convection through the porous diffusion layer accompanied by a larger pressure drop along the flow channel. It was evident that the proper selection of the ratio of channel and rib width under counter flow conditions in the fuel cell with interdigitated flow are necessary to optimize the interdigitated flow field design.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2020

The Korean semiconductor industry is the top export item, and its technological prowess is also higher than that of its competitors. However, the technology gap with rivals will narrow. And the semiconductor industry is facing difficulties due to trade friction. Therefore, semiconductor firms should be more efficient in their production. we study analyzes the efficiency semiconductor firms using DEA model. We evaluate the CCR, BBC efficiency and RTS(return to scale) of 30 Korean semiconductor firms. There are a total of 13 efficient DMUs with a BCC of 1. There are a total of 6 efficient DMUs with a CCR of 1. A total of 10 DMUs were IRS in Scale Efficiency and a total of 9 DMUs were CRS in Scale Efficiency and a total of 11 DMUs were DRS in Scale Efficiency. We also suggest the semiconductor firms which can be benchmarked based on analyzed information.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

There has been a major change in the way of life and thinking of all mankind due to covid19. In particular, managerial issues related to supply chain such as global supply chain disruption, and trade friction among countries are drawing the attention. Accordingly, a number of studies are being conducted on the supply chain challenges and solutions to overcome the covid19 crisis, but published research on the impact of covid19 on supply chain management is lacking. In this study, network text analysis is conducted mainly on news articles and this study summarizes the issues related to supply chain management in the era of covid19. The trend analysis results indicated that actively discussed area was global supply chain restructuring and confirmed that main topics are re-shoring, applications of new technology, and the new normal in supply chains. The findings are expected to help expand the scope of research in supply chain management research in the covid19 era.