• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of CJ-10882 by a 4-week repeated oral dose in dogs. The test article was administered once dally by gavage to dogs at dose levels of 0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross finding, organ weight, and histopathology were evaluated. Several clinical sign were observed in treated dogs at 50 mg/kg, including salivation and vomiting. Increase in the serum level of ALT and albumin observed in the female 50 mg/kg group was considered as a toxic effect related to the test article since the histopathological change in Liver was accompanied. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings and organ weights in any treatment group. Based on these results, target organ was not observed and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 10 mg/kg/day and the absolute toxic dose was 50 mg/kg for both male and female dogs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess cross-generational effects of bisphenol A exposure in benthic copepods, Tigriopus west. Nauplii (<24 hours old) were exposed to graded concentrations of bisphenol A, and toxicity end-points such as survival, development, sex ratio, and fecundity were measured. $F_1$ generations were grown under innoxious conditions, and similarly assessed. Significant differences were observed in development of nauplii and copepodites, between exposed and non-exposed copepods; however, there were no differences in survival of nauplii or copepodites, sex ratio, or brooding rate in parental generation. In contrast, in the $F_1$ generation, there were significant differences between the control group and exposed group in survival and development of nauplii. Length, width, and biomass of parental and $F_1$ generations were reduced in the exposed group compared to the control group. In addition, some deformities, such as swelling of the prosome, abnormally shaped egg sac, and dwarfism were observed after exposure to bisphenol A. So, our study demonstrates that a cross-generation toxicity test and monitoring of morphological deformities in harpacticoid copepods, can be useful for development of potential bioindicators for environmental monitoring, and assessment of chemical impact.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2007

In Korea, we assign the chemical substances of 535 types as toxic substance. Only 10% of the 535 toxic substances are being managed by the Ministry of Environment related with water quality standard. Tar color is also one of chemical substances, but we have the lacks for the information of tar colors about the environmental effects of aquatic ecosystem. This study performed the test of bioassay using Water Fleas and Luminescent Bacteria. The tar has 7 types of colors allowed as the edible color and we evaluate the toxicities of 5 tar colors out of 7 colors and we would like to provide the informations for further study as we perform the toxicity test for the samples of 5 tar colors. We did the toxicity test of using Water Fleas From the results, we obtained the magnitudes of toxicity in order of Red No.2, Yellow No.5, Red No.3, Yellow No.4, Blue No.1. As the result based on Microtox Acute Toxicity Test using Luminescent Bacteria with the standard of 15min-EC50, we obtained in order of Yellow No.5, Food Red No.3, Red No.2, Yellow No.4, Blue No.1. We could expect the tar colors may have different effects on the aquatic ecosystem, respectively and it may influence to the aquatic ecosystem and the human, because of bioconcentration by food chain when toxicity of the tar colors overflow in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2022

Medicinal herb demonstrated in many pharmacological effects and recognized to be safe has been used for a long time. However, side effects including safety of medicinal herb have not been identified yet. The aim of the study was to estimate safety evaluation of Magnoliae Flos used for the treatment of pain, rhinitis, and pneumonia in Korea, China and Japan through four-week dose range finding toxicity test in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Magnoliae Flos was orally administered to male and female SD rats once a day for 28 days at 1,500 and 3,000 mg/kg. The safety evaluation was determined to examine clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food intake, hematology, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights and there were no significant changes related toxicity. Consequently, these findings indicates that Magnoliae Flos did not show any side effects including toxicity in dose range finding toxicity test and the no observed adverse effect level for Magnoliae Flos was estimated as more than 3,000 mg/kg.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2002

In this paper, some experiments of a heat release rate and toxicity for underground utility 22.9kv cable in fire was conducted and analysed applying plume equation and smoke chamber test separately, A 22.9 ㎸ power cable is selected for testing heat release in ISO 9705 geometry and toxicity production is measured with NES 713 (British-Naval Engineering Standard)test. In test results, Cable heat release reached about 60 ㎾ above 1.2 m from heptane pan and CO generated lethal concentration under 30 min. exposure condition.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 1997

The study was carried out on the biochemical characters of Cd-BP(I) after isolation and purification of the protein from the liver of rat injected intraperitoneally with Cd. A c ontinued study has been doing whether Cd-BP(I) could be induced by Cd or by other metals such as Zn and Cu. Antisera were made against the Cd-BP(I) from NewZealand white rabbits. Carried out were ${\gamma}$-globulin purification, then Ouchterlony test adn gel immunodiffusion test. Cd-BP(I) was also found in normal tissues of rat. It was induced up to a considerable level by Cd, whose induced level was higher than that of Cu or Zn treatment. The level of induction by Cu or Zn pretreatment plus Cd treatment was lower than that by simple treatment of Cu or Zn. Such a result was presumably related to the Cd toxicity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1129-1139
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• 2005

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum, While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from $5\~35$ psu and the others $15\~35$ psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h $IC_{50}$=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h $IC_{50}$=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h $IC_{50}$<$2\%$ and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h $IC_{50}$=$30.50\%$ NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <$0.4\%$ to $1.6\%$ and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition ($IC_{50}$) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.794-800
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to propose a method of controlling freshwater algae which grows abundantly and forms water bloom in the eutrophic water body with $H_2O_2$. Both laboratory and field methodologies were used. For the laboratory test $H_2O_2$ was injected into the different growth phases of incubated Microcystis aeruginosa and the resulting algae growth control rate was examined. For the field test, $H_2O_2$ was dispersed into a lake. Lake water quality was evaluated using a pre-test and post-test analysis of chlorophyll-a, luminance, transmittance, etc., which allowed a comparative evaluation of water quality change. From the experimental results, the growth of algae can be controlled with the small amount of 1mg/L of $H_2O_2$ at the lag phase of growth. The field test results show that the green colour of lake water was removed completely by the reduction of chlorophyll-a and improved transmittance, luminance, TKN, TP, TOC and SS. These indicators of water quality were improved significantly after $H_2O_2$ injection. Toxicity test results using the lake fish show no evidence of detrimental effect of $H_2O_2$ up to 15mg/L. The results of $EC_{50}$ with P. phosphoreum show that the toxicity of $H_2O_2$ was negligible compared to copper which was commonly used for algae control.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.1 s.26
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• pp.1-6
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• 1976

his study was conducted to investigate selective toxicity of several organophosphorous and carbamic insecticides against the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugensEugens), and the green rice leafhopper (Nephotetix cincticeps). The test insecticides were the organophosphoric insecticides, Diazinon$(34\%\; Ec.,\; 3\%\; G.),$ $MEP(Sumithion 50\%\; Ec.)$, and PAP(Elsan\; 47.5\%\; Ec.)$ and the carbamic insecticides. MPMC $(Meobal\; 50\%\;WP.)$, $BPMC(Bassa\; 50\%\; Ec.)$, and carbofuran $(Curaterr; 3\%\; G.)$. Toxicitiy for emulsion concentrates and wettable powders were evaluated by dipping method of rice seedlings in the laboratory and that for granulated insecticides evaluated by submerged application with potted plants in the greenhouse. In the test of contact toxicity by seedling dips, Diazinon MEP and PAP showed significantly low toxicity to the brown planthopper and MEP to the green rice leafhopper. In the test of submerged application, Carbofuran showed almost equal toxicity to the four species of the hoppers, but Diazinon was greatly less toxic to the brown planthopper. In general. the organophosphorous insecticides tested seemed to be selective in toxicity to the species of the hoppers, while the carbamic insecticides being less selective. The carbamic insecticides such as MPMC, BPMC and Carbofuran were almost equal in toxicity to the four species of the hoppers tested.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.403-414
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• 2015

Lithospermum erythrorhizon has long been used as a traditional oriental medicine. In this study, the acute and 28-day subacute oral dose toxicity studies of hexane extracts of the roots of L. erythrorhizon (LEH) were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, LEH was administered once orally to 5 male and 5 female rats at dose levels of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg. Mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored for 14 days. Salivation, soft stool, soiled perineal region, compound-colored stool, chromaturia and a decrease in body weight were observed in the extract-treated groups, and no deaths occurred during the study. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of LEH in male and female rats was higher than 2,000 mg/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, LEH was administered orally to male and female rats for 28 days at dose levels of 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day. There was no LEH-related toxic effect in the body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights. Compound-colored (black) stool, chromaturia and increased protein, ketone bodies, bilirubin and occult blood in urine were observed in the male and female rats treated with the test substance. In addition, the necropsy revealed dark red discoloration of the kidneys, and the histopathological examination showed presence of red brown pigment or increased hyaline droplets in the renal tubules of the renal cortex. However, there were no test substance-related toxic effects in the hematology and clinical chemistry, and no morphological changes were observed in the histopathological examination of the kidneys. Therefore, it was determined that there was no significant toxicity because the changes observed were caused by the intrinsic color of the test substance. These results suggest that the no-observed-adverse-effect Level (NOAEL) of LEH is greater than 400 mg/kg/day in both sexes.