• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.84-97
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• 2016

One of the assimilation policies of Japanese imperialism for the permanent domination in the colonial Joseon is the theory of integration of Japan and Joseon. The theory of integration of Japan and Joseon is a logic that Joseon (Korea) and Japan (Wae) were connected to the same ancestor on the basis of ancient myths. Also it is the assimilation ideology to justify the Colonial rule of those days through the objectification of historical identity or affinity of political and cultural relations of ancient Korean peninsula and Japan (Wae). Japan reorganized our history to meet the colonial point of view, as part of the assimilation policies based on the theory of integration of Japan and Joseon. On the other hand Japan attempted to objectify them through archaeological research and the reinterpretation of the historical remains. The survey, reinterpretation and tourist of the historic sites in historic cities such as Gyeongju and Buyeo were promoted in this context. In particular, the Buyeo, a capital of Baekje, was emphasized upon the close relevance and affinity between Sabi, Baekje and ancient Asuka (飛鳥) in Japan through research and reinterpretation on the Historic Sites. Based on them, Historic Sites Tourism was conducted by reconstructed historic sites toward the colonial Korean. In addition, after the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, Japan tried to realize the politics of space by upgrading and idealizing Buyeo as homeland or Shinto (神都) related to Japanese ancient mythology of the Asuka culture. This paper investigated in what context research, reinterpret and tourist of the historic sites progressed on Buyeo area and how it had soaked through the general public in the Japanese colonial era. First, it is on historic sites. Historic sites research on Buyeo area made an attempt by Sekino Tadashi in 1909 for the first time and the re-excavation of the old burial mounds and temple sites during the Japanese colonial period. Sekino set up a cultural relationship and influences between the ancient China (梁), Korea (百濟) and Japan (倭). Also, he emphasized that Sabi, Baekje largely received influence of Chinese culture and Baekje and Japan Asuka culture had closely relations and affinity. These views had been consistent during the Japanese colonial period. Second, it is the reinterpretation on Historic sites. Buyeo Historic Sites Preservation Society (Buyeo Gojeok Bojonhoe) was established in 1915 and Osaka Kintaro, curator of Baekje exhibition hall redefined the relationship between ancient Japan and Baekje as perspective of the assimilation ideology through the post contextual interpretation. In particular, they emphasized on the close relevance between Baekje's Historic sites and Japan, through the reinterpretation of Nakhwaam, Goransa and Cheongmasanseong. Third, it is the tourist on Historic sites. Buyeo Historic Sites Preservation Society played a leading role in Tourist on Historic sites at the Buyeo region. The main tourist destinations and course were restructured through a reinterpretation on the historic sites. Japan would like to show Buyeo as ideology area, homeland of ancient Japanese culture, toward the Koreans under Japanese colonial era. Thus, research, reinterpretation, and tourism on Historic sites were promoted while they were closely related to each other. The promoting body was Joseon Chongdokbu and pro-Japanese interest group. It's point was 'made' and 'shown' by the eyes of others and a rediscovery of Buyeo as representational space of colony.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to verify what are the characteristic points of the tourism resources in the historical sites and what kind of factors can roll as the tourism resources in two old cities, Kyungju and Kyoto, Those two old cities are the oldest cities in the world and they have several world cultural heritages that registered by UNESCO. In Old historic cultural sites has its own tourism resources factors and characters such as Uniqueness, Authenticity, Historical character, Regional character, Art factor, Religious factor,

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.103-113
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• 2015

This study is an evaluation index development research based on Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive Properties of Gyeongju, which decided to competitiveness of the historical city. We got the export Indicator candidate groups by the literature reviews and UNESCO, ICOMOS, and 49 Indicator candidate groups had been selected. In the end, we chose 42 attraction indexes in charm of the cultural heritage side, Cultural heritage tourism resources Side, Restraining force Heritage tourism Side three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, convergence by using Delphi Technique. We can determine these indicators will be useful basic information, for improving the city's historic attractions. In the future, used these indicators as a basis for Attractions effectiveness evaluation of Gyeongju, Through which the attractions of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

This study aims to distinguish what can be used in consideration of the national situation with Korea for Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and the results are as follows; First, the Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas expanded to the existing scenic cruise culture, travel, and tourism culture in the process of the influx of Western culture in the modern and contemporary era, and became popular as a travel destination. Accordingly, the Chinese government developed the tourism industry around the scenic sites, and thanks to the development of transportation and communication, the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas has become an important national heritage. This influenced the establishment of the system related to Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and today, it is operated around the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas ordinance. Second, the designation of the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas is divided into the size of the site according to the area, and the process of selecting the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas classification, rating evaluation, and comprehensive value evaluation according to evaluation indicators and rating standards is carried out. Accordingly, according to the results of the classification, it is subdivided from the national level to the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas at the local level. Third, the central government is in charge of managing and supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas across the country, and the local government's construction department is in charge of supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas in the region. The management organization of Scenic and Historic Interest Areas established by local governments above the county level has a system that actually protects, utilizes, and manages Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. In addition, 14 detailed indicators are used to monitor Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. Based on these results, considering the application of the domestic scenic site policy, the method of developing the policy that has established the system from the perspective of the utilization of the people is worth considering. On the other hand, the evaluation of the designation and management system through the setting of various indicators has limitations in that it is difficult to secure objectivity in impressing or evaluating the landscape. Therefore, rather than blindly introducing quantified evaluation, it seems that guidance and promotion on how to expand consensus on scenic values and enjoy heritage should be prioritized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

This study is an evaluation index development research based on the Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive properties of Gyeongju that have helped determine the competitiveness of this historical city. Through literature reviews on these attractive factors of historic urban landscape, the Vienna memos(UNESCO, 2005) and the International Cultural Tourism Charter(ICOMOS, 1999), two professional investigations were conducted following a backup group of attraction indexes that had been received prior. In the end, 22 attraction indexes were chosen in the Urban Historical and Cultural area, the Heritage Resources area, and the Urban Environment area with three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, and convergence. These indicators will be useful basic information for improving the city's historic charms. In the future, these indicators can be used as a basis for evaluating the characteristic charms of Gyeongju, through which the charm of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.122-130
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• 2018

As smart tourism is gaining more attention, there are increasing attempts to make use of augmented reality(AR) in tourism industry. However, existing AR-based tourism contents are only limited to the 'designated' cultural heritage, overlooking the value of undesignated cultural heritage lost in the past few decades of development era. This hinders expanding the scope of tourism contents and leads to the production of banal and similar contents. Given that, our study has developed tourism contents based on , an AR-based mobile application that enables participants to virtually visit the historical sites lost in the development era. The Chungmuro area, which the app is named after, is unique in character. The area has been famous for movie making for over 30 years until the '90s. It is abundant with movie-related cultural resources such as theaters and print shops, which makes the place where people wants to feel the glorious past. Through the app, participants are able to walk along the historic trail and take pictures at five virtual historic spots, among many others. We also examined participants' level of satisfaction and overall tourism experience. By taking the result into account, we hope that the AR-based tourism contents will increase in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.32-59
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• 2020

South Korea's area-based heritage preservation system originates from the "Preservation of Traditional Buildings Act" enacted in 1984. However, this system was abolished in 1996. As there was a need for protection of ancient cities in the 1960s, Japan enacted the Historic City Preservation Act in 1966, and 'Preservation Areas for Historic Landscapes' and 'Special Preservation Districts for Historic Landscapes' were introduced. For the preservation of area-based heritage sites, the 'Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings' system introduced as part of the revision of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act in 1975 was the beginning. Then, in the early-2000s, discussions on the preservation of area-based heritage sites began in earnest, and the 'Important Cultural Landscape' system was introduced for protection of the space and context between heritage sites. Also, '33 Groups of Modernization Industry Heritage Sites' were designated in 2007, covering various material and immaterial resources related to the modernization of Japan, and '100 Beautiful Historic Landscapes of Japan' were selected for protection of local landscapes with historic value in the same year. In 2015, the "Japanese Heritage" system was established for the integrated preservation and management of tangible and intangible heritage aspects located in specific areas; in 2016, the "Japanese Agricultural Heritage" system was established for the succession and fostering of the disappearing agriculture and fishery industries; and in 2017, "the 20th Century Heritage," was established, representing evidence of modern and contemporary Japanese technologies in the 20th century. As a result, presently (in September 2020), 30 'Historic Landscape Preservation Areas', 60 'Historic Landscape Special Districts,' 120 'Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings," 65 'Important Cultural Landscapes,' 66 'Groups of Modernization Industry Heritage Sites,' 264 "100 Beautiful Historic Landscapes of Japan,' 104 'Japanese Heritage Sites,' and 15 'Japanese Agricultural Heritage Sites' have been designated. According to this perception of situations, the research process for this study with its basic purpose of extracting the general characteristics of Japan's area-based heritage preservation system, has sequentially spread since 1976 as follows. First, this study investigates Japan's area-based heritage site preservation system and sets the scope of research through discussions of literature and preceding studies. Second, this study investigates the process of the spread of the area-based heritage site preservation system and analyzes the relationship between the systems according to their development, in order to draw upon their characteristics. Third, to concretize content related to relationships and characteristics, this study involves in-depth analysis of three representative examples and sums them up to identify the characteristics of Japan's area-based heritage system. A noticeable characteristic of Japan's area-based heritage site preservation system drawn from this is that new heritage sites are born each year. Consequently, an overlapping phenomenon takes place between heritage sites, and such phenomena occur alongside revitalization of related industries, traditional industry, and cultural tourism and the improvement of localities as well as the preservation of area-based heritage. These characteristics can be applied as suggestions for the revitalization of the 'modern historical and cultural space' system implemented by South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.6 s.119
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• pp.111-129
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• 2007

Industrial heritage artifacts may include the industrial products, technologies and infrastructures that have contributed to modernization beginning with the Industrial Revolution. The history of our industrial heritage spans 50 to 150 years and can be characterized by taking into account the site and the technology. This paper analyzes 13 precedents in Japan, Canada, and the United States in terms of these concerns, with focus on the reuse of abandoned mines as industrial heritage. Field surveys and interviews about each abandoned mine were used to obtain historical records and material. The results describe progress in three phases (1) recognizing phase, (2) organizing phase, and (3) maintenance management phase. A proper methodology for reuse is necessary to ensure the authenticity of the abandoned mine, particularly in the face of poor tourism-oriented approaches. As a result of analyzing the 13 cases, we determined that the following principles should be considered during the reuse process. Firstly, reuse of abandoned mines should not be compulsory but should be a spontaneous process and especially, should be carried out by inhabitants. Secondly, education and real experiences in the abandoned mine should be used to ive visitors a feeling of authenticity. Thirdly, creative remodeling methods can be used to enhance the abandoned mine's facilities and the site. Finally, historic and new functions should be the focus of the revitalization. Because this paper mainly focused on 13 precedents, there are likely more diverse cases. However, the conclusions of this report have practical value for reuse of abandoned mines and can be used in establishing methods for reusing Korean abandoned mines as industrial heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.151-174
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• 2022

According to the "Special Act on the Restoration and Maintenance of the Core Relics of the Shilla Kingdom" enacted in 2019, the Shilla Kingdom refers to the capital of Shilla and Unified Shilla period, and refers to Gyeongju, where the king lived, and the nearby area. Shilla Wanggyeong is a heritage registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000 under the name of Gyeongju Historic Site and belongs to Wolseong District, Hwangnyongsa District, and Daeneungwon District among the five districts registered as Gyeongju Historic Site. Unlike the Namsan and Sanseong districts, the Shilla Kingdom is a heritage consisting mostly of archaeological sites without physical substance. Gyeongju City sought to promote local tourism while providing more direct experiences to visitors by restoring the heritage that constitutes the Shilla Kingdom. Starting with the restoration of Woljeonggyo Bridge in 2005, the Shilla Wanggyeong restoration project began in earnest. Gyeongju City tried to restore the building site on the west side of Donggung Palace and Wolji after Woljeonggyo Bridge, but it was canceled due to opposition from the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. The World Heritage Committee opposed the restoration and recommended a heritage impact assessment for similar projects in the future. During the miscarriage impact assessment procedure, there is an OUV attribute analysis process of the heritage to be evaluated. This study intends to preemptively derive OUV attributes for the Silla Kingdom through literature and overseas case analysis. In the case of literature research, domestic and foreign research data related to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage Management were examined, and in overseas cases, the architectural works of Krakow Historical District, Stonehenge and Abbury Geoseok Ruins in England, and Le Corbusier were analyzed. Through this, the outstanding universal value attributes of the Silla Kingdom were derived. This study is expected to be used as a reference in the process of restoration projects of other heritage constituting the Shilla Kingdom or construction plans in nearby areas in the future and serve as an indicator to improve the management system of the Shilla Kingdom more efficiently from the perspective of world heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.270-285
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• 2016

Various opinions and discussions have been actively in progress which are connected with cultural heritage since 'Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs' was announced by UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015 as Post-2015 Development Agenda. Apart from SDGs, conservation of cultural heritage itself stands on the basis of sustainability that originality, characteristic, diversity of cultural heritage should be permanently preserved. From that point of view, it is necessary to understand practical ODA for cultural heritage, far from theoretical approaches and policies. This paper is intended to look into the domestic and overseas situation related to ODA of Asian cultural heritage and the mentioned problems, future plans and challenges. First, the background and concepts about ODA were described and then ODA projects which have been carried out by Japan and China as typical ODA countries for Southeast Asia were introduced. ODA of cultural heritage in Korea has relatively recently started for restoration work for historic sites of Laos and Cambodia and its scale and performance do not come to much yet. Therefore, to develop ODA of cultural heritage, there are suggestions as in the followings. First, it is necessary to have a long-term master plan of ODA projects for sustainability of cultural heritage. Second, based on the view from the long-term perspective, the selection and focus for ODA partner countries should be considered, avoiding short-term projects aiming at a number of countries. Not widespread existing projects by other countries, but the model of Korean ODA for cultural heritage only Korea can conduct should be prepared. The next thing is connection with sustainability, and ultimately the conservation of cultural heritage should result in benefit to the natives by giving an impetus to economy as well as fostering tourism of local areas. To accomplish that connection, educational training and building capacity are suggested as the most suitable alternatives. Cultural heritage of each country reflects its indigenous originality and characteristics, therefore, the restoration work should be conducted by people in each country as the best way. From this point of view, ACPCS held by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage will take a role of a specialized training program in Korean way. Lastly, establishment of a control tower for ODA in Korea is necessary. JCIC(Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage), which was set up in Japan for sharing information, establishment of cooperation system and prevention of overlapped projects will be an example we can take into consideration.