• Journal of Smart Tourism
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

Understanding demand for travel websites can help hoteliers better evaluate their own multi-channel distribution and reputation management strategies. In this study, we estimated demand for eight major travel websites based on the user percentage in 3,120 U.S. counties. Results highlighted the importance of four types of factors: sociodemographic, economic, Internet use-related, and travel-related. Differences between websites were also compared based on estimated coefficients. For example, the demand for Expedia.com appeared to be driven by age, education background, income, and foreign travel history, whereas the demand for Hotels.com was driven by the proportion of the African American population and domestic travel history. Lastly, implications are provided.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2004

Since 1989, 9 major complex have been invested with government funds, for the purpose of developing agricultural tourism to increase agricultural income and job opportunity, as well as providing urban population leisure opportunity. However, systematic and comprehensive approaches were rarely done in analyzing its economic impacts. This study, therefore, focuses on analyzing tourism effect and its economic value and implication for a representative rural tourism site,"Daeho rural tourism complex". To analyze travel pattern, expenditure pattern, and degree of satisfaction from travel to Daeho complex, Travel Cost Method(TCM) was employed based on survey method. Results from linear model with statistical significance implies that tourism benefit for each visitor is 28,373 won and total annual benefit for the Daeho site is 7 billion won. Considering annual benefit stream, the present value of total benefits are 132.9 billion won and 70 billion won at 5% and 10% of discounting rate, respectively. Using the values of benefit estimated from this study and investment cost, B/C ratio, IRR, and NPV were calculated to be 1.01, 1.67 billion won, and 5.19% at 5% of discounting rate. These results could be directly compared with the previous analyses.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.173-191
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• 1998

본 연구는 정부의 무안 국제공항 건설 결정과 관련하여 특색 있는 무안지역의 관광개발 방안을 제시하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 현재 각 지방자치단체가 추진하고 있는 천편일률적인 위락공간 조성 위주의 관광개발을 지양하고 관광의 본질에 충실한 관광개발을 위해 다음과 같은 세 가지 근본적인 질문을 제기하였다. 관광의 본질은 무엇인가\ulcorner 누구를 위한 관광개발인가\ulcorner 무엇을 위한 관광개발인가\ulcorner 여기에서 얻어진 결론은 극히 원론적인 것임에도 불구하고 실제에 있어서 잘 지켜지지 않고 있는 것으로 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 관광개발은 해당 지역에 자연적.역사적으로 주어진 관광소재의 특성을 최대한 강화할 수 있도록 수행되어야 한다. 둘째, 관광개발 과정에 지역주민의 참여를 유도하고, 개발의 내용이 지역산업의 발전과 주민의 소득증대로 이어져야 한다. 셋째, 관광개발은 경제적 이익만을 추구하기보다는 지역주민과 관광객의 삶의 질을 종합적으로 향상시킬 수 있도록 추진되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 특색 있는 무안군의 관광개발 방안으로 공항 연계도로지 꽃길 조성, 회산 연꽃 방죽의 불교 관광지 및 전통 요양 단지로의 개발, 일제시대 군용 비행장의 역사 문화 관광지화. 해수 목욕(해수찜) 단지 조성, 그리고 공항입지의 이점을 살린 관광농업의 활성화를 지적하였다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권12spc호
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• pp.664-674
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• 2021

The relevance of this scientific research is determined by the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current trends and dynamics of world tourism development. This article aims to identify patterns of development of the modern tourist market, analysis of problems and prospects of development in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. General scientific methods and methods of research are used in the work: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analysis of statistical data. The analysis of the viewpoints of foreign and domestic authors on the research of the international tourist market allowed us to substantiate the actual directions of tourism development due to the influence of negative factors connected with the spread of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Economic-statistical, abstract-logical, and economic-mathematical methods of research were used during the process of study and data processing. Results. The analysis of the current state of the tourist market by world regions was carried out. It was found that tourism is one of the most affected sectors from COVID-19, as, by the end of 2020, the total number of tourist arrivals in the world decreased by 74% compared to the same period in 2019. The consequence of this decline was a loss of total global tourism revenues by the end of 2020, which equaled $1.3 trillion. 27% of all destinations are completely closed to international tourism. At the end of 2020, the economy of international tourism has shrunk by about 80%. In 2020 the world traveled 98 million fewer people (-83%) relative to the same period last year. Tourism was hit hardest by the pandemic in the Asia-Pacific region, where travel restrictions are as strict as possible. International arrivals in this region fell by 84% (300 million). The Middle East and Africa recorded declines of 75 and 70 percent. Despite a small and short-lived recovery in the summer of 2020, Europe lost 71% of the tourist flow, with the European continent recording the largest drop in absolute terms compared with 2019, 500 million. In North and South America, foreign arrivals declined. It is revealed that a significant decrease in tourist flows leads to a massive loss of jobs, a sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings and taxes, which limits the ability of states to support the tourism industry. Three possible scenarios of exit of the tourist industry from the crisis, reflecting the most probable changes of monthly tourist flows, are considered. The characteristics of respondents from Ukraine, Germany, and the USA and their attitude to travel depending on gender, age, education level, professional status, and monthly income are presented. About 57% of respondents from Ukraine, Poland, and the United States were planning a tourist trip in 2021. Note that people with higher or secondary education were more willing to plan such a trip. The results of the empirical study confirm that interest in domestic tourism has increased significantly in 2021. The regression model of dependence of the number of domestic tourist trips on the example of Ukraine with time tendency (t) and seasonal variations (Turˆt = 7288,498 - 20,58t - 410,88∑5) it forecast for 2020, which allows stabilizing the process of tourist trips after the pandemic to use this model to forecast for any country. Discussion. We should emphasize the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many experts and scientists believe in the long-term recovery of the tourism industry. In our opinion, the governments of the countries need to refocus on domestic tourism and deal with infrastructure development, search for new niches, formats, formation of new package deals in new - domestic - segment (new products' development (tourist routes, exhibitions, sightseeing programs, special rehabilitation programs after COVID) -19 in sanatoriums, etc.); creation of individual offers for different target audiences). Conclusions. Thus, the identified trends are associated with a decrease in the number of tourist flows, the negative impact of the pandemic on employment and income from tourism activities. International tourism needs two to four years before it returns to the level of 2019.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1478-1488
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• 2014

본 연구는 외국인 의료관광객을 대상으로 의료관광 만족에 영향을 줄 수 있는 특성요인을 찾는데 있다. 의료관광 민족에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 대상자의 특성에서 유의한 차이를 나타낸 변수들을 가능한 영향요인으로 선정하여 분석한 결과에서는 전체여행 예산, 의료서비스를 위한 방문 횟수, 직업(자영업), 학력(대학 졸업 이상), 월평균 가구 소득, 의료비 예산, 방문기간이 유의한 영향 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 영향요인들이 대상자의 의료관광 만족을 43.5% 설명하였으며, 가장 높은 영향요인은 전체여행 예산으로 나타났다. 의료관광 만족이 구전의사와 재방문의도에 미치는 영향력을 예측하기 위한 분석결과에서는 의료관광 만족요인이 구전의사와 재방문의도에도 유의한 예측 영향요인으로 나타났다. 즉 의료관광 만족이 1단위 높을수록 구전의사가 있을 확률은 없을 확률보다 1.57배 높았고, 재방문의도가 있을 확률은 없을 확률보다 1.85배 높았다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.170-181
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to categorize and comparatively analyze tourists of different life-style groups who visit Yesan according to their lifestyles as well as their consumption behaviors and attitudes towards local foods or specialty agricultural products in order to understand the various needs, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in each life-style group. Group 1 had a high percentage of single people in their 20s and those who worked in technology. Group 2 had a high percentage of those in their 30s and 40s who were married and were professionals. Group 3 had a high percentage of men and those in their 40s and 50s, as well as a high percentage of high income, highly educated people. Group 4 had a high percentage of those in their 20s or those in their 60s or higher. Compared to other groups, group 4 had a larger percentage of lower income and less educated people. In verifying the difference between life-style groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes toward local foods and specialty agricultural products, consumption and experience of regional specialty foods showed high average scores in groups 1, 2, and 3, with significant differences from group 4.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Playing an important role in developing the economy and overall developments of the country, commercial banks have to be aware of their crucial presence in order to perform well and contribute significantly. At the same time, as a place to receive deposits, banks are required to be in safe situations to avoid bankruptcy or deal with financial crises. This research seeks to identify the determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio and Banks' performance as well as the relationship between these two dependent variables. The paper uses 128 observations of 16 Vietnamese commercial banks during the period from 2010 to 2017, with two simultaneous dependent variables CAR and ROE, and independent variables including Return on Assets, Tobin Q, Credit growth, GDP growth, Equity to Deposits, Loans to Deposits, Bank size, Cost to Income, Liquidity risk, Provision for Loan loss ratio, Non-performing loans and Inflation. The results reveal that Capital Adequacy Ratio and Banks' Performance have statistically significant relationship and Credit growth, GDP growth, Equity-to-Deposit ratio and Cost-to-Income ratio all have significant effects on two dependent variables. The findings of this study suggest that commercial banks should control the respective elements in order to maintain adequate level of capital and also create effective performance.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.265-277
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• 2009

This study explored the behavior and choice attributes of specialty coffee shop customers according to their general characteristics. The results showed significant differences by gender, age, occupation, education, and income. Female customers stayed longer, valued taste, and their importance perception toward employee and systematic service was higher compared to the males. According to age, younger customers (20's, 30's) stayed longer, visited coffee shops to meet friends and enjoy specialty coffee, and placed high importance on physical surroundings, systematic service, and taking out coffee. Whereas older (50's and 60's) customers valued the location and having coffee on-premise. In terms of education, ustomers with higher education visited coffee shops to enjoy their favorite specialty coffee. By income, those with higher ncomes valued the location and brand of the coffee shop, and their importance perception toward employee and ystematic service was lower than that of customers with lower incomes.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2011년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.78-79
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• 2011

해양관광 수요가 지속적으로 증가할 것이 예상됨에 따라, 수요에 적극적으로 대응하고 고객요구에 최적화 및 차별화된 수요자 기반 컨텐츠 개발과 공급을 조정 통합하는 주체의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 스마트폰과 인터넷으로 대표되는 SNS를 기반으로 고객의 정보를 수집하고, 고객이 요구하는 차별화된 컨텐츠를 공급함으로서 비용 및 만족도 모두를 충족시킬 수 있는 토털 해양관광 Platform 구축이 필요한 실정이다. 경영전문 토털 해양관광 "Platform Company" 설립을 통하여 부산에 산재하고 있는 다양하고 특색있는 어촌 해양 부존자원 활용의 극대화, 해양관광 고객수요 창조, 어촌경제의 안정적 고수익 기반마련과 고용창출 등 지역경제 활성화에 기여하고자 한다.