• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Fe-soy proteinate chelate (Fe-SP) on sows milk, piglet blood parameters and performance. A total of 15 sows of 3 wk before parturition and pigs after births to 3 wk were assigned to three dietary treatments: control (sow-basal diet, piglets with Fe injection); Fe-SP 100 (Fe 100 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet); Fe-SP 200 (Fe 200 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet). Each treatment had 5 replicates (sows) of six piglets per sow randomly selected from the same offspring. For this experiment, Fe-SP was manufactured. There were no significant differences among treatments in number of pigs born in total or alive per litter, birth weight, number of pigs weaned per litter and weaning weight. However, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 3 wk before parturition in sow blood. However, Fe content at 2 wk before parturition in sow blood significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation of Fe-SP. While there were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 1 wk before parturition in sow blood, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content of sow milk. However, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. Iron content in the blood of piglets was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control (Fe injected) than Fe-SP 100 and Fe-SP 200 treatments at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk but it was significantly higher in Fe-SP 200 than others in $3^{rd}$ wk. Zinc content in the blood also significantly (p<0.05) increased as the Fe-SP supplementation level increased in $3^{rd}$ wk. In conclusion, Fe-SP supplementation significantly affected Fe content in the blood of piglets. Iron injection was more effective at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk, while Fe-SP 200 supplementation was effective at $3^{rd}$ wk in improving blood Fe level in piglets.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.219-227
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• 2002

This study has been performed to investigate the effect of $CO_2$ content on the growth characteristics of the compound layer, porous layer and corrosion characteristics of carbon steels after gaseous nitrocarburizing in $70%-NH_3-CO_2-N_2$ at $580^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 hrs. The results obtained from the experiment were the thickness of the compound and porous layers increased with increasing $CO_2$ contents. At the same fixed gas composition the thickness of the compound and porous layer increased with increasing carbon content of the specimens. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that compound layer was mainly consisted of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}(N,C)$ and ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Fe_4N$ as the increased with $CO_2$ contents in atmosphere, compound layer was chiefly consisted of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}(N,C)$ phase. With increasing $CO_2$ content and total flow rate in gaseous nitrocarburizing, the amount of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}(N,C)$ phase in the compound layer was increased. The current density of passivity decreased with increasing $CO_2$ content due to the development of porous layer at the out most surface of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}(N,C)$.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 1996

Epidote occurs as veinlets in the propylitic alteration zone of the Bobae clay deposit, Pusan, Korea. Its cell parameters apparently decrease with the contents of Al, Fe, and Ca. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra show one hydrosyl environment related to AlM2 at 3357-3358 cm-1. In the mid-infrared region, the peaks at 950 and 1030 cm-1 sharper with increasing Al shifting to higher energy region. The peak at 885 cm-1 shifts slightly to a lower energy region with a decreasing intensity as the Fe content increases. In the far-IR region, epidote exhibits absorption bands at 120 and 140 cm-1, which are related to the Ca-O bonds in A-sites.M ssbauer spectra of epidote show that the isomer shifts of Fe3+ range from 0.36-0.37 at the M3 site and from 0.35-0.44 at M1 site. Fe2+ shows the isomer shift ranging from 1.11 to 1.13. Quadrupole splitting is 2.04 for Fe3+M3, 0.52-0.70 for Fe3+M1, and 2.61-2.70 for Fe2+M3. Calculation shows Fe3+M386-90.7%, Fe3+M12.5-3.6%, and Fe2+M35.8-11.4% of total iron, showing preferential distribution of Fe3+ in the M3 site. The Fe3+M3 content is between 0.486 and 0.513 per formula unit. in the Fe-rich epidote, less Fe3+ and more Fe2+ are accommodated in the M1 and M3 sites. Hence, the overall disorder increases as total Fe content increase. The ordering parameter of the Bobae epidote is 0.93-0.95, suggesting a disequilibrium state below 200$^{\circ}C$. The constant temperature over a long period may be essential for the transition from disordered state to equilibrium state, despite the possible variation in flux and composition of the hydrothermal fluid.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 2006

The chemical fractions of phosphorus were investigated in the soils of reclaimed and natural tidelands of southwest coastal area of Korea. The content of total-P varied to ranged from 322 to 614 mg/kg dry weight with a mean value of 467 mg/kg. The order of different fractions of phosphorus in reclaimed tideland soils was as follows: 1) inorganic phosphorus: Ca-P > Fe-P > Al-P > reductant soluble Fe-P. 2) organic phosphorus: Inositol-P > nucleic acid-P > phospholipid-P. The content of Al-P showed negative correlation with organic matter content but showed positive correlation with pH. The content of Fe-P showed negative correlation with clay mineral content but showed positive correlation with organic matter content. Reductant soluble Fe-P and Ca-P were no correlation with soil properties. The content of inositol-P showed highly positive correlation with clay mineral, organic matter content, and CEC.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2011

The AISI 216L stainless steel with a composition of Fe-16Cr-6Ni-6Mn-1.7Mo (wt.%) was oxidized at $700{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ in air for 100 h. At $700^{\circ}C$, a thin $Mn_{1.5}Cr_{1.5}O_4$ oxide layer with a thickness of $0.4{\mu}m$ formed. At $800^{\circ}C$, an outer thin $Fe_2O_3$ oxide layer and a thick inner $FeCr_2O_4$ oxide layer with a total thickness of $30{\mu}m$ formed. The non-adherent scale formed at $800^{\circ}C$ was susceptible to cracking. At $900^{\circ}C$, an outer thin $Fe_2O_3$ oxide layer and a thick inner $Mn_{1.5}Cr_{1.5}O_4$ oxide layer formed, whose total thickness was $10{\sim}15{\mu}m$. The scales formed at $900^{\circ}C$ were non-adherent and susceptible to cracking. 216 L stainless steel oxidized faster than 316 L stainless steel, owing to the increment of the Mn content and the decrement of Ni content.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.268-272
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• 2002

Kinetic experiments on the biological oxidation of $Fe^{2＋}$ by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were conducted by measuring the total organic carbon content. The total organic carbon in the solution was determined with different initial concentrations of $Fe^{2＋}$(4, 9, 15, and 20 mg/ml). The growth of At. ferrooxidans and substrate utilization were described by the Monod expression. The total organic carbon was found to be an indicator of the biomass concentration and thus may be effectively utilized for estimating cell growth rates in kinetic model development.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-252
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• 1993

Water culture studies were conducted in the greenhouse with mulberry plants to investigate the nutrient uptake, especially Zn and Cu, under high phosphrous concentration. Mulberry plants were grown with five phosphorus levels(0, 0.2, 0.5, 2.0, 5.0 mM). Leaves and roots were analyzed for water content, total nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, total Zn, soluble Zn, Cu, Cl, $NO_3HPO_4$ and $SO_4$. Dry matter increased upto 2.0mM phosphorus level, and then decreased. Water content, total nitrogen, P, K, and Fe in leaves increased with increasing phosphorus level. Total Zn content in leaves showed little change, whereas soluble Zn increased and Cu decreased with increasing phosphorus level. With increasing phosphous level. $SO_4$ and Cl decreased and then sharply increased above 2.0mM phosphorus. Lower uptake of Cu and higher uptake of $SO_4$ and Cl suggest a cause of mulberry yield decline with high accumulation of soil phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.671-675
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• 2016

In this study, the glass-forming ability and mechanical properties of newly developed Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-B-C-P-Si-Al bulk amorphous alloys were investigated, and metalloid elements such as B, C, and P were found to have a strong influence on the properties of the Fe-based amorphous alloys. When the total metalloid content (B, C, and P) is less than 5 %, only the crystal phase is formed, but the addition of more than 10 % metalloid elements enhances the glass forming ability. In particular, the alloys with 10 % metalloid content exhibit the best combination of very high compressive strength (~2.8 GPa) and superior fracture elongation (~30 %) because they consist of crystal/amorphous composite phases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.526-531
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• 2007

The sintering behavior and electrical property of $Ce_{0.8}Gd_{0.2}O_{1.9}$ ceramics were investigated with the iron oxide concentration ranging from 0 to 5 mol%. Both the sintered density and grain size were found to increase up to 2 mol% $Fe_2O_3$, and then to decrease with further additions. At a higher $Fe_2O_3$ content above 3 mol%, grain size decreased by a pinning effect induced by different shape grains. The electrical conductivity was also increased with increasing $Fe_2O_3$ content up to 2 mol%. Total conductivity of 2 mol% $Fe_2O_3-added$ specimen showed the maximum conductivity of $2{\times}10^{-2}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ at $500^{\circ}C$. The addition of $Fe_2O_3$ was found to promote the sintering properties and electrical conductivities of $Gd_2O_3-dope\;CeO_2$.