• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2493-2501
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• 2013

Various schemes of transportation demand management(TDM) to discourage the use of cars and enhance public transit performance have been implemented in large cities. Nevertheless, policy effects in reducing car have not been satisfactory. Car-dependent travelers who tend to keep driving cars regardless of the change of the trip circumstances as such increase of travel time and cost according to car use or improvement of public transit service may be due to not according to utility reflecting mode-specific impedance and their own socio-economic characteristics. In this study, travelers were classified into four groups by their choice frequency of private car and public transit in unspecified multiple trip(car-dependent, car-choice, public transit-choice, public transit-dependent class). And the characteristics of each group were comparative analyzed. The results show that the group of a higher car-dependent is a higher priority on convenience and comfortability of the car when making decisions and the group of a lower of car-dependent is likely to change to public transit.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.651-658
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• 2012

This paper concentrates on the evaluation of microcracks in thermal damaged concrete on the basis of the nonlinear ultrasonic modulation technique. Since concrete structure exposed to high temperature accompanies the development of microcracks due to the physical and chemical changes from temperature and exposed time, the adoption of nonlinear approach is required. Instead of using the conventional ultrasonic nondestructive methods which have the limitation in evaluating excessive microcracks, accordingly, a nonlinear ultrasonic modulation method which shows better sensitivity in quantifying microcracks is introduced. Upon the analysis for the modulation of ultrasonic wave and low frequency impact to measure the nonlinearity parameter, which can be used as an indicator of thermal damage, the verification processes for the introduced technique are followed: SEM investigation and permeable pore space test are performed to characterize thermally induced microcracks in concrete, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed to confirm the outstanding sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation technique. In advance, compressive strength of thermal damaged concrete is measured to represent the effect of microcracks on performance degradation. Correlation studies between experimental data and measured data show that nonlinear ultrasonic modulation technique can effectively be used to quantify thermally induced microcracks, and to estimate the compressive strength of thermally damaged concrete.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.933-937
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• 2012

In the present study, we evaluate the sensitivity and optimal stripping voltammetry (SV) conditions of copper (Cu), which is one of the main trace heavy metals inducing the environmental contamination, using carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. In addition, the reaction mechanism of stripping reaction of Cu is investigated. The electrochemical analyses such as squarewave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and linear scan voltammetry (LSV) are used for the evaluations. As a result of that, the best SWSV conditions like squarewave amplitude of 15 mV, frequency of 60 Hz, deposition potential of -1.0V vs. Ag/AgCl and deposition time of 200s are determined with the measured Cu sensitivity of $1.824{\mu}A/{\mu}M$. As a driving force affecting the stripping reaction of Cu, surface reaction is more dominant one than diffusion. These results are compared with other reference results and it is confirmed that our suggested CNT electrode gives rise to better Cu sensitivity result than other references.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1998

In the search for broadband damping composites, it is desirable to have polymers with a broad and high loss region, covering the entire temperature and frequency range of interest. Interpenetrating polymer networks, IPN's, are materials composed of two or more crosslinked polymers intimately and irrevocably interwinded. The resulting distribution of microenviron-ments can result in a materials with a high mechanical loss broad end over that of either polymer component alone. In this study, several series of copolymer, crosslinked copolymer and copolymer/copolymer IPN's were synthesized for possible use as broadband damping materials. Then their dynamic tensile properties were measured and compared with the damping properties of sandwich composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the temperature of loss peak may be varied over a wide temperature range with formulation. The compatibility of IPN`s was depended on the compatibility of A and B polymers as well as crosslink density. The damping factor(tan ${\delta}_c$) of composites became greater when a polymer of approximate storage module(E`) range of 5X10$^7$ to 10$^9$ dyne/cm$^2$ and large tan ${\delta}$ at the same time was used. The damping properities of poly (2-EHA80-co-St20)/poly(2-EHA20-co-St80) IPN`s crosslinked with 3%-DEGDM were relatively better over a broad temperature range.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1455-1466
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop the framework of community-based home care nursing delivery system, and to demonstrate and evaluate the efficiency of it. The study was carned out over a period of 3years from September 1996 to August 1999. The researchers developed Standards for operations, this was all aimed toward a home care recording system, and an assessment intervention algorithm for various diseases quality control and standardization. In the center, 185 patients enrolled, and of the enrollments cerebrovascular disorder and cancer were the most prevailment diseases. Also, a home care nursing activity classification was developed in six domains. Those domains were assessment, medication, treatment, education and consultation, emotional care, and referral or follow-up care. Ten sub-domains were divided according to the systematic needs. Among these nursing activities, treatment, assessment, and education and consultation were frequently performed. In sub-domain classification, skin integrity, respiration, circulation, and immobility related care were provided most frequently. The cost of home care nursing per visit was also suggested. The cost include direct and indirect nursing care, management, and transportation cost. Also, the researchers tried to overcome the limitations of hospital-based home care to provide more accessible, efficient, safe, and stable home care nursing. Therefore, clients were referred from other patients, families, public health care centers, industries, and even hospitals. As a result of this study, several limitations of operation were found. First, it was difficult to manage and communicate with doctor in the emergency situations. Second, there was too much time spent for transportation. This was because they are only five nurses, who cover all of the areas of Seoul and nearby cities. Third, preparation for special care of home care nurses was lacking. Fourth, criteria for the termination of care and the frequency of home visits were ambiguous. Finally, interconnection with home care machinery company was so yely needed. New paragraphs' strategies for solving these problems were suggested. This study will be the basis of community-based home care nursing, and the computerized information delivery system for home care nursing in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4549-4553
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the frequency of CYP2D6 polymorphisms and evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and tamoxifen therapeutic outcome in Thai breast cancer patients. We recruited 48 breast cancer patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen for evaluating CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms using microarray-based technology. Associations between genotypes-phenotypes and disease free survival were analyzed. Median follow up time was 5.6 years. The mean age of the subjects was 50 years. The 3 common allelic frequencies were 43.8% ($^*10$), 36.5 ($^*1$) and 10.4% ($^*2$) which are related to extensive metabolizer (EM) and intermediate metabolizer (IM) with 70.8% and 29.2 %, respectively. No association between CYP2D6 genotypes and DFS was demonstrated. Nevertheless, exploratory analysis showed statistically significant shorter DFS in the IM group of post-menopause patients (HR, 6.85; 95%CI, 1.48-31.69; P=0.005). Furthermore, we observed statistically significant shorter DFS of homozygous $CYP2D6^*10$ when compared with heterozygous CYP2D6*10 and other genotypes (P=0.005). $CYP2D6^*10$ was the most common genotype in our subjects. Post-menopause patients with homozygous $CYP2D6^*10$ and IM have shorter DFS. To confirm this relationship, larger samples and comprehensively designed trials in Thailand are required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.12-21
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• 2013

This paper deals with a comparative analysis of changes in cognition of city image of Daegu City, focusing on image of representative and environmental conditions. Two-questionnaire surveys were conducted to compare the change of image cognition between the last decades. Major results are: Firstly, the most frequent representative images of Daegu City were hot weather, Palgong Mountain, textile industry, etc. and representative places were Palgong Mountain, Dongsung-ro Street, E world(Woobang Land), etc. Compared to the results of year 2000, the frequency of apple, and textile industry were remarkably decreased. Secondly, mean scores of image rating for environmental conditions were comparatively high in human environment such as women, and kindness. By individual variables, accessibility to Daegu City, women, living environment such as shopping, showed higher mean scores. Generally, mean scores of 2011 survey were higher than that of 2000. Thirdly, major factors affecting city image were human environment, living environment, natural environment, and transportation environment, respectively. These results can be used as a basic data for strategies to improve higher brand image of Daegu City.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2016

Purpose: In patients with altered mentality caused by drugs or unknown causes, ammonia is checked to facilitate differential diagnosis or diagnose hepatic coma. This helps early prevention and treatment of brain damage due to hyperammonemia. This study was conducted to evaluate clinical characteristics of intoxicated adult patients with hyperammonemia. Methods: We evaluated 95 patients with hyperammonemia among intoxicated patients above the age of 15 who visited our ED from January 2013 to December 2015. We analyzed the demographic characteristics and type of poisoning substance, reason for ingestion, toxicological characteristics such as elapsed time from ingestion to hospital visit, lab, clinical progression and complications. Data were evaluated using the student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for frequency analysis of categorical variables. Results: When compared to healthy individuals, patients with hyperammonemia showed statistical significance on their SOFA score (p=0.016) and poison severity score (p<0.001). Additionally, patients with hyperammonemia showed significantly different initial serum AST level (p=0.012) and maximum serum AST level during the hospital stay (p=0.026) when compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, individuals with sustained hyperammonemia compared to transient hyperammonemia showed clinically significant SOFA scores (p<0.001), poison severity scores (p=0.007), mortality rates in the ICU (p=0.021), as well as different duration of hospital stay (p=0.037), serum creatinine level (p=0.002), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.025), and serum myoglobin (p=0.015). Conclusion: Most poisoning-induced hyperammonemia cases were transient and recovered without special treatment. Therefore, hyperammonemia is almost non-specific among poisoning patients.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.7
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• pp.283-302
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the current situation about the internet usage and advertisement attitude, to investigate the relationship between consumer characteristics and internet advertising effect, and to identify the moderating effect of consumer characteristics on the relationship between advertising types and advertising effects. For the study, a sample of 152 apparel consumers participated in this survey research. The survey of design with a questionnaire was employed. Questionnaire was developed with the html language and data collection was done at Korea though the internet on October 2000. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (i.e., frequency, percent), ANOVA with duncan tests were used. First, the major place of using internet was found as home, company, school, PC room in order and the average time of using internet was found as three times weekly. The major purpose of using internet were information search, e-mail, PC communication and program-download. The experience of internet fashion advertising was high. Second, consumer characteristics(age, job) had significant effects on attitude to the product. 20 years-old age group and specialist group were found to influence on the higher attitude toward product. Third, main effects of consumer characteristics(age, job) were found to be significant. The correlation and interaction effects of consumer characteristics and internet advertisement types were not significant.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.204-214
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to identify instant noodle intake and consumption patterns of adults in metropolitan areas of Korea. There was a total of 702 subjects, 18 years of age and above, and data from the self-administrated questionnaires were collected and analyzed using comparative statistical analysis, including frequency, chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. According to the results, preference level for instant noodles among the adults was indicated to be $4.84{\pm}1.32$ and 54% of subjects either "liked" or "more than liked" noodles. People in 20s liked them the most. Noodles in envelope type package with soup are highly preferred. The most common reason why they chose to eat instant noodles was "convenience." At the same time, people avoid them because of their bad nutrition and calories. Half of the subjects consume instant noodles at least once a week mainly for lunch and dinner as a substitute for their meal. In the case of eating-together-with-family was the largest. 72.4% of subjects consumed entire soup additive content and 20.6% of them eat almost without soup because of being full and worrying that it might be harmful to health. Significant difference was shown in the preference level and intake patterns depending on respondents' general characteristics. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.