• Title/Summary/Keyword: Time-Domain Analysis

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The Study of Driving Fatigue using HRV Analysis (HRV 분석을 이용한 운전피로도에 관한 연구)

  • 성홍모;차동익;김선웅;박세진;김철중;윤영로
    • Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2003
  • The job of long distance driving is likely to be fatiguing and requires long period alertness and attention, which make considerable demands of the driver. Driving fatigue contributes to driver related with accidents and fatalities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the number of hours of driving and driving fatigue using heart rate variability(HRV) signal. With a more traditional measure of overall variability (standard deviation, mean, spectral values of heart rate). Nonlinear characteristics of HRV signal were analyzed using Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and Poincare plot. Five subjects drive the four passenger vehicle twice. All experiment number was 40. The test route was about 300Km continuous long highway circuit and driving time was about 3 hours. During the driving, measures of electrocardiogram(ECG) were performed at intervals of 30min. HRV signal, derived from the ECG, was analyzed using time, frequency domain parameters and nonlinear characteristic. The significance of differences on the response to driving fatigue was determined by Student's t-test. Differences were considered significant when a p value < 0.05 was observed. In the results, mean heart rate(HRmean) decreased consistently with driving time, standard deviation of RR intervals(SDRR), standard deviation of the successive difference of the RR intervals(SDSD) increased until 90min. Hereafter, they were almost unchanging until the end of the test. Normalized low frequency component $(LF_{norm})$, ratio of low to high frequency component (LF/HF) increased. We used the Approximate Entropy(ApEn), Poincare plot method to describe the nonlinear characteristics of HRV signal. Nonlinear characteristics of HRV signals decreased with driving time. Statistical significant is appeared after 60 min in all parameters.

Non-Liner Analysis of Shear Beam Model using Mode Superposition (모드중첩법을 이용한 전단보 모델의 비선형 해석)

  • 김원종;홍성목
    • Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.87-96
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    • 1999
  • To analyze the dynamic behavior of structure, direct integration and mode superposition may be utilized in time domain analysis. As finite number of frequencies can give relatively exact solutions, mode superposition is preferable in analyzing structural behavior. In non-linear analysis, however, mode superposition is seldom used since time-varying element stiffness changes stiffness matrix, and the change of stiffness matrix leads to the change of essential constants - natural frequencies and mode shapes. In spite of these difficulties, there are some attempts to adopt mode superposition because of low cost compared to direct integration, but the result is not satisfactory. In this paper, a method using mode superposition in non-linear analysis is presented by separating local element stiffness from global stiffness matrix with the difference between linear and non-linear restoring forces to the external force vectors included. Moreover, the hysteresis model changing with the relative deformation in each floor makes it possible to analyze non-linear behavior of structure. The proposed algorithm is applied to shear beam model and the maximum displacement is compared with the result using direct integration method.

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An Investigation on the Assessment Tool and Status of Assessment in the 'Scientific Inquiry Experiment' of the 2015 Revised Curriculum (2015 개정 교육과정 '과학탐구실험' 평가 도구 및 평가 현황 탐색)

  • Baek, Jongho;Byun, Taejin;Lee, Dongwon;Shim, Hyeon-Pyo
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.515-529
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    • 2020
  • 'Scientific inquiry experiments', which was newly created subjects in the 2015 revised curriculum, was expected in the aspect of learning science and developing core competences through science practices. Based on changed view of evaluation, assessments of a practice-centered subject 'Scientific inquiry experiments' should be try to conducted in various ways, but many challenges were reported. In this study, through analysis of current status of assessment of the subject, we intended to find the way of conducting and supporting 'Scientific inquiry experiments'. We collected assessment materials and explanatory description about them from 25 teachers who taught 'Scientific inquiry experiments' in 2018 and 2019. And we analyzed the cases with framework which were consisted with three main categories: elements, standards, methods of assessments. Also, we investigated how the results of assessment were utilized. For the validity, we requested verification of the results of our data analysis to experts of science education and science teachers. From them, we also collected their opinions about our analysis. As a result of the study, teachers assessed some elements of inquiry skills such as 'analysis and interpreting the data', 'conducting inquiry' more than others which were closely related to what subject-matter the teachers used to organized inquiry program with. In the aspect of domain of assessments, though cognitive domain and affective domain as well as skills were evaluated, we also found that the assessment of those domains had some limitation. In terms of standard of assessment, the goals of assessment were presented in most cases, but there were relatively few cases which had the specific criteria and the stepwise statements of expected performance of students. The time and subject of the assessment were mainly post-class and teachers, and others such as in-class assessments, peer-assessments were used only in specific contexts. In all cases, the results of assessments used for calculating students' grade, but in some cases, we could observe that the results used for improving teaching and feedback for students. Based on these results, we discussed how to support the assessments of 'Scientific inquiry experiments'.

Social Network Analysis for the Effective Adoption of Recommender Systems (추천시스템의 효과적 도입을 위한 소셜네트워크 분석)

  • Park, Jong-Hak;Cho, Yoon-Ho
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.305-316
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    • 2011
  • Recommender system is the system which, by using automated information filtering technology, recommends products or services to the customers who are likely to be interested in. Those systems are widely used in many different Web retailers such as Amazon.com, Netfix.com, and CDNow.com. Various recommender systems have been developed. Among them, Collaborative Filtering (CF) has been known as the most successful and commonly used approach. CF identifies customers whose tastes are similar to those of a given customer, and recommends items those customers have liked in the past. Numerous CF algorithms have been developed to increase the performance of recommender systems. However, the relative performances of CF algorithms are known to be domain and data dependent. It is very time-consuming and expensive to implement and launce a CF recommender system, and also the system unsuited for the given domain provides customers with poor quality recommendations that make them easily annoyed. Therefore, predicting in advance whether the performance of CF recommender system is acceptable or not is practically important and needed. In this study, we propose a decision making guideline which helps decide whether CF is adoptable for a given application with certain transaction data characteristics. Several previous studies reported that sparsity, gray sheep, cold-start, coverage, and serendipity could affect the performance of CF, but the theoretical and empirical justification of such factors is lacking. Recently there are many studies paying attention to Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a method to analyze social relationships among people. SNA is a method to measure and visualize the linkage structure and status focusing on interaction among objects within communication group. CF analyzes the similarity among previous ratings or purchases of each customer, finds the relationships among the customers who have similarities, and then uses the relationships for recommendations. Thus CF can be modeled as a social network in which customers are nodes and purchase relationships between customers are links. Under the assumption that SNA could facilitate an exploration of the topological properties of the network structure that are implicit in transaction data for CF recommendations, we focus on density, clustering coefficient, and centralization which are ones of the most commonly used measures to capture topological properties of the social network structure. While network density, expressed as a proportion of the maximum possible number of links, captures the density of the whole network, the clustering coefficient captures the degree to which the overall network contains localized pockets of dense connectivity. Centralization reflects the extent to which connections are concentrated in a small number of nodes rather than distributed equally among all nodes. We explore how these SNA measures affect the performance of CF performance and how they interact to each other. Our experiments used sales transaction data from H department store, one of the well?known department stores in Korea. Total 396 data set were sampled to construct various types of social networks. The dependant variable measuring process consists of three steps; analysis of customer similarities, construction of a social network, and analysis of social network patterns. We used UCINET 6.0 for SNA. The experiments conducted the 3-way ANOVA which employs three SNA measures as dependant variables, and the recommendation accuracy measured by F1-measure as an independent variable. The experiments report that 1) each of three SNA measures affects the recommendation accuracy, 2) the density's effect to the performance overrides those of clustering coefficient and centralization (i.e., CF adoption is not a good decision if the density is low), and 3) however though the density is low, the performance of CF is comparatively good when the clustering coefficient is low. We expect that these experiment results help firms decide whether CF recommender system is adoptable for their business domain with certain transaction data characteristics.

Handover Latency Improvement & Performance Analysis over Inter-LMA (Inter-LMA 이동시 Handover Latency 개선 방안 및 성능 분석)

  • Chang, Jae-Cheol;Park, Byung-Joo;Kim, Dae-Young
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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    • v.46 no.8
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    • pp.34-42
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    • 2009
  • Mobile communication traffic is changing from voice to data/internet, e.g. wireless internet access, SMS/MMS. more and more. Therefore many data services are coming out over 3G, Mobile WiMAX(WIBRO), LTE etc. Wireless internet market is growing and MIPv6 is more important and many protocols being studied and developed from MIPv6 to Fast MIPv6, Hierachical MIPv6, Proxy MIPv6, etc. The significant factor over MIPv6 is Hand-over latency and Packet-loss PMIPv6 is efficient for reducing mobility related messages and hand-over latency, but it considers single LMA domain. If mobile node is moving inter-LMAs, hand-over delay time affects the real-time communications. To overcome this hand-over delay, we propose present and new enhanced schemes and analize the performance and show the results.

Performance Analysis of Range and Velocity Measurement Algorithm for Multi-Function Radar using Discriminator Estimation Method (변별기 추정방식을 적용한 다기능 레이다용 거리 및 속도 측정 알고리즘 성능 분석)

  • Choi Beyung Gwan;Lee Bum Suk;Kim Whan Woo
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.109-117
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    • 2005
  • Range and velocity measurement algorithm is a procedure for estimating the accurate target position by using matched filter outputs equally spaced both in range and doppler frequency domain. Especially, in measurement algorithm for multi-function radar, it is necessary to consider processing time as well as accuracy in order to track multi-targets simultaneously. In this paper, we analyze range and velocity measurement algorithm using discriminator estimation method which is a technique applied to angle measurement of monopulse radar. The applied method required constant processing time for estimation can be used in multiple target tacking. But, it is necessary to consider measurement accuracy because of using minimum channel outputs for estimation. In the simulation, we show that the applied method is superior to the traditional gravity center measurement algorithm with respect to the accuracy performance and also analyze the characteristics of the proposed technique by calculating RMS error level as the processing parameters such as pulse width , channel step, etc. change.

Power System Rotor Angle Stability Improvement via Coordinated Design of AVR, PSS2B, and TCSC-Based Damping Controller

  • Jannati, Jamil;Yazdaninejadi, Amin;Nazarpour, Daryush
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.341-350
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    • 2016
  • The current study is dedicated to design a novel coordinated controller to effectively increase power system rotor angle stability. In doing so, the coordinated design of an AVR (automatic voltage regulator), PSS2B, and TCSC (thyristor controlled series capacitor)-based POD (power oscillation damping) controller is proposed. Although the recently employed coordination between a CPSS (conventional power system stabilizer) and a TCSC-based POD controller has been shown to improve power system damping characteristics, neglecting the negative impact of existing high-gain AVR on the damping torque by considering its parameters as given values, may reduce the effectiveness of a CPSS-POD controller. Thus, using a technologically viable stabilizer such as PSS2B rather than the CPSS in a coordinated scheme with an AVR and POD controller can constitute a well-established design with a structure that as a high potential to significantly improve the rotor angle stability. The design procedure is formulated as an optimization problem in which the ITSE (integral of time multiplied squared error) performance index as an objective function is minimized by employing an IPSO (improved particle swarm optimization) algorithm to tune adjustable parameters. The robustness of the coordinated designs is guaranteed by concurrently considering some operating conditions in the optimization process. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers, eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations were performed for different operating points and perturbations simulated on 2A4M (two-area four-machine) power systems in MATLAB/Simulink. The results reveal that surpassing improvement in damping of oscillations is achieved in comparison with the CPSS-TCSC coordination.

Low Power Discrete-Time Incremental Delta Sigma ADC with Passive Integrator (수동형 적분기(Passive Integrator)를 이용한 저전력 이산시간 Incremental Delta Sigma ADC)

  • Oh, Goonseok;Kim, Jintae
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.54 no.1
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    • pp.26-32
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    • 2017
  • This paper presents a low power and high resolution incremental delta-sigma ADC that utilizes a passive integrator instead of an opamp-based active integrator. Opamp is a power-hungry block that involves tight design tradeoffs. To avoid the use of active integrator, the s-domain characteristic of an active integrator is first analyzed. Based on the analysis, an active integrator with low gain design is proposed as an alternative design method. To save power even more aggressively, a passive integrator with no static current is proposed. A 1st order single-bit incremental delta-sigma ADC using the proposed passive integrator is implemented in a 65nm CMOS process. Transistor-level simulation shows that the ADC consumes only 0.6uW under 1.2V supply while achieving SNDR of 71dB with 22kHz bandwidth. The estimated total power consumption including digital filter is 6.25uW, and resulting power efficiency is on a par with state-of-the-art A/D converters.

Design of RF Digital Spectrum Analyser for Mobile Communication (이동 통신용 RF 디지털 스펙트럼 분석기 설계)

  • Woo, Kwang-Joon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.29-34
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    • 2007
  • It is important to analyse the frequency spectrum for the measurement of modulated signal, distortion, and noise. The frequency spectrum analysis is performed by the execution of Radix-2 DIT DFT i.e. FFT algorithm. The discrete input signal converted by A/D converter from the input signal in time domain is mathematically transformed to the frequency spectrum by FFT algorithm. In this study, we design the digital spectrum analyser by the hardware based on the TMS320F2812 DSP and AD9244 converter, and by the software based on the C28x S/W modules. We can timely analyse the frequency spectrum in mobile communication system by the digital frequency analyser based on the high performance DSP and S/W modules. This real-time analysing capability is the important performance in the internet-based mobile communication server system.

Analysis of Output Irregularity from the Transient Behavior of Bundle in a Flow Field (유동계 내 집속체의 과도적 거동에 따른 출력 불균제 해석)

  • Huh Y.;Kim J.S.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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    • 2005.06a
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    • pp.965-968
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    • 2005
  • Roll drafting operation causes variations in the linear density of bundles because the bundle flow cannot be controlled completely by roll pairs. Defects occurring in this operation bring about many problems successively in the next processes. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the draft dynamics and the linear density irregularity based on the governing equation of a bundle motion that has been suggested in our previous studies. For analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the roll drafting operation, it is indispensable to investigate a transient state in time domain before the bundle flux reaches a steady state. However, since governing equations of bundle flow consisting of continuity and motion equations turn out to be nonlinear, and coupled between variables, the solutions for a transient state cannot be obtained by an analytical method. Therefore, we use the Finite Difference Method(FDM), particularly, the FTBS(Forward-Time Backward-Space) difference method. Then, the total equations system yields to an algebraic equations system and is solved under given initial and boundary conditions in an iterative fashion. From the simulation results, we confirm that state variables show different behavior in the transient state; e.g., the velocity distribution in the flow field changes more quickly the linear density distribution. During a transient flow in a drafting zone, the output irregularity is influenced differently by the disturbances, e.g., the variation in input bundle thickness, the drafting speed, and the draft ratio.

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