• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.36
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• pp.55-80
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• 2008

Research on the welfare state or income inequality has been concerned with variations in inequality between societies or families. These studies tend to view the family as a unit of shared interests where incomes are pooled and distributed equally. This study makes a theoretical and empirical case for why it is important to look at economic dependency within the family in comparative welfare state research. Using the Luxembourg Income Study data this study examined married women's dependency on their husbands' earnings in 16 western industrialized countries. The constructed measure for married women's level of economic dependency followed the procedure of Sørensen & McLanahan(1987), which stated : "her dependency is measured by the extent to which a woman's standard of living(as determined by her share of income) is derived from a transfer from her husband." The finding suggested that married women's economic dependence was lowest in Scandinavian countries. On the contrary, in Southern Europe countries most married women were dependent on husbands' earnings. In Netherlands, Austria, Germany where the share of part-time work among married women was high, married women's economic dependence was also high. This showed the women's labor force participation did not mean that the majority of couples were equal with respect to earnings, nor that a major shift in the sexual division of labour has taken place. This paper analysed the causal relationship between the married women's economic independence and the welfare state by using Ragin(2000)'s Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. This analysis considered the various conditions of the welfare state : namely, left power, union mobilization density, women's mobilization, public service sector employment and generous support on the family. The result showed that powerful union, high level of women's mobilization and the generous support on the family were necessary conditions for 'relatively high' level of married women's economic independence.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.455-489
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• 2017

The new system on the Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) in the Indian Companies Act became overnight sensation to the worldwide. However there has been very few studies which are analyzing a purpose of it under the context of Indian societies. This paper examines the circumstance whether the CSR activities is functioning well or not. And verifying problems regarding it and suggesting supportive measures are a target of this paper. Though Indian government already established CSR legislation, they did not stipulate the penalty clause. And that became why corporations were poorly perform on CSR activities in first year of enforcement. Furthermore, There is a proclivity that corporations lack an understanding for which activities could be recognized into the CSR. And they excused that they had no time for themselves to adjust an abruptly changing business landscape. With all, unlike rosy expectations, corporations only showed little interests to the area where the investment or attentions from the media are expected. Fortunately, incumbent legislative is fully aware of it and exploit their best resources to various social fields. Despite the doubts that they originally did not have any intention to introduce the penalty clause, they are handling problems in ways that corporations can be invited in public programs. They also need to request the service sectors to take a leading role of it, which could provide the financial, or telecommunication service to the people in rural province. Thus, the fact that there was a substantial rise in terms of the amount of CSR expenses in 2015 provides a supporting evidence to the endeavors of the government. In doing so, we could finally achieve a better understanding of two-fold goals shown in this paper; maturing settlement of this legislation and development of Indian society.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2021

The study was investigated to compare growth characteristics, the antioxidant activity, and the triterpenoid content of two Centella asiatica cultivars ('Giant Tiger Care' and 'Good Tiger Care'). At 41 days after transplanting, lengths of leaf and petiole were significantly longer in 'Good Tiger Care' than in 'Giant Tiger Care'. However, the growth characteristics (leaf area, petiole thickness, petiole length, and weight) were greater in 'Giant Tiger Care' than in 'Good Tiger Care' at 104 days after transplanting (harvest time). Antioxidant activity and total phenol content in four extracts (WE, water extract; HWE, hot water extract; 50E, 50% EtOH extract; 70E, 70% EtOH extract) of the two cultivars were high in 70E of 'Giant Tiger Care'. As a result of the triterpenoids analysis, the major triterpenoids of the two cultivars were identified as madecassoside and asiaticoside. The total triterpenoid content was high in 50E and 70E of 'Giant Tiger Care' and 'Good Tiger Care', respectively but the total triterpenoid content was highest in Good Tiger Care'. However, at the 104 days after planting, the yield of 'Giant Tiger Care' was three times higher than that of 'Good Tiger Care'. In addition, the total triterpenoid content that can be produced in the same cultivation area (3.3m²) was 2.459mg in 50E of 'Giant Tiger Care', which was ~2.2times higher than that of 70E of 'Good Tiger Care' (1.103 mg). Thus, it is considered economical to cultivate 'Giant Tiger Care' which has the highest antioxidant activity and high total triterpenoid production per cultivation area.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and quality characteristics of melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars and the irrigation requirements for cultivars. In our previous study in 2019, twelve melon cultivars including 'Dalgona' were examined for their cultivar characteristics under the same irrigation condition for all cultivars, and sorted into several groups based on different growth condition; for the internode length (from 0 to 20th node), leaf area, and fruit weight, 'Kingstar' belonged to the largest group, 'Worldstar' the middle group, and 'Dalgona' the smallest group. After analyzing the results of the previous experiment, 'Dalgona', 'Worldstar', 'Kingstar', and 'Rubyball' were selected as test cultivars for the growth group in 2020, and irrigated according to different irrigation levels for each cultivar. The control of the irrigation volume for each melon cultivar by monitoring the drainage rate during the cultivation periods showed that all four cultivars required a similar amount of irrigation in the 'early growth' stage where crops grew at about the same rate. From 'flowering time', however, the change in irrigation requirements showed a similar tendency for 'Worldstar' and 'Kingstar' and for 'Rubyball' and 'Dalgona' respectively. A sudden change in each irrigation volume was observed from the fruit set; 'Dalgona' began first to decline and 'Rubyball' was second, followed by 'Worldstar' and 'Kingstar'. In conclusion, the irrigation volume was the largest in 'Kingstar', followed by 'Worldstar', 'Rubyball', and 'Dalgona' in the same order as the growing amount of plant length, leaf area, and fruit weight. Therefore, it is necessary to control exactly the irrigation volume by reflecting the unique growth characteristics of each cultivar for the production of high-quality fruit in melon hydroponics, and especially to use great care when different cultivars are cultivated together.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.148
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• pp.213-238
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study logical status and meaning of '$l{\grave{e}}i$[類]' in integrated concept system of 'míng[名]'. The subordinate relationships and integrated systems between genus and species are made up 'míng[名]' in pre-Chin's logical arguments. And '$l{\grave{e}}i$[類]' is a concept that designate what kind of category in all names of sorts and kinds in early China. The logical argumentations of early Chinese philosophers reflect subordinate relationship and integrated system of 'míng[名]'. And then early Chinese philosophers use the 'míng[名]' in other to denote a general concept that totally indicate meanings of genus and species like as Confucius' '$zh{\grave{e}}ng$ míng[正名]'. However early Chinese philosophers make philosophical issues of correspondence between míng[名] and shí[實], not subordinate relationships between genus and species. And then they use the 'míng[名]' in other to denotes not a general concept but a kind of category. Therefore the concept of 'míng[名]' used as a meaning of general concept and sorted out integrated concept system of 'míng[名]' as two categories of míng[名] and shí[實] at the same time in logical argumentations of early Chinese philosophers. The '$l{\grave{e}}i$[類]' of pre-Chin difference from genus of Aristotle spontaneously and conceptually. It is not a concept that in other to compose subordinate relationships and integrated systems. It is not a kind of genus. It divide a kind of denotation that means some kind of aggregations into existence and nonexistence. And it divide a kind of connotation that means some kind of attributes into same and difference. When early Chinese philosophers make distinction and demonstration the correspondence between míng[名] and shí[實], so to speak distinction mean to divide and classify into correspondence or non-correspondence, and demonstration mean to argue about the division and classification. Therefore the concept of '$l{\grave{e}}i$[類]' is a criteria that is to divide and classify the correspondence between míng[名] and shí[實] in integrated concept system of 'míng[名]'.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to improve the anther culture efficiency of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Callus induction rates from anther cultures of the five domestic naked barley and four unhulled varieties ranged from 0 to 5.6%, and plant regeneration rate to callus was 30.4% in the donor plants grown in a greenhouse during winter, among which the green plant regeneration rates ranged from 0 to 4.4%. Plant regeneration rate was 30.4% in the donor plants grown in a greenhouse during winter, whereas 21.3% in the normal field condition in spring. In addition, callus induction rates were 19.2% in plants grown in a normal field and 7.2% in drought-stressed condition, respectively. Being Considered the anther culture efficiency affected by the sampling time, the optimum sampling stage of anthers was 3~4 days before heading when the length between the 1st and 2nd auricles reaches 5 to 10 cm and at the uninucleate of pollen which the tip of the 2nd auricle aligns with the middle of panicle in the leaf sheath. Best callus induction rates came from the anthers stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks in a 10 to 15 cm diameter polyethylene bag with 5 to 10 panicles and Duwonchapssalbori and Saessalbori showed the higher induction rate of 4.8% and 1.7%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: In the month of January 2018, fine dust alerts and warnings were issued 36 times for $PM_{10}$ and 81 times for PM2.5. Air quality is becoming a serious issue nation-wide. Although interest in air-purifying plants is growing due to the controversy over the risk of chemical substances of regular air-purifying solutions, industrial spread of the plants has been limited due to their efficiency in air-conditioning perspective. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study aims to propose a vegetation-based bio-filter system that can assure total indoor air volume for the efficient application of air-purifying plants. In order to evaluate the quantitative performance of the system, time-series analysis was conducted on air-conditioning performance, indoor air quality, and comfort index improvement effects in a lecture room-style laboratory with 16 persons present in the room. The system provided 4.24 ACH ventilation rate and reduced indoor temperature by $1.6^{\circ}C$ and black bulb temperature by $1.0^{\circ}C$. Relative humidity increased by 24.4% and deteriorated comfort index. However, this seemed to be offset by turbulent flow created from the operation of air blowers. While $PM_{10}$ was reduced by 39.5% to $22.11{\mu}g/m^3$, $CO_2$ increased up to 1,329ppm. It is interpreted that released $CO_2$ could not be processed because light compensation point was not reached. As for the indoor comfort index, PMV was reduced by 83.6 % and PPD was reduced by 47.0% on average, indicating that indoor space in a comfort range could be created by operating vegetation-based bio-filters. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that the vegetation-based bio-filter system is effective in lowering indoor temperature and $PM_{10}$ and has positive effects on creating comfortable indoor space in terms of PMV and PPD.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.344-351
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data for developing more advanced courses on character education by surveying and analyzing the perception and demands of character education of university students and further, to provide useful information for creating institutional protocol on character education. The study was conducted from April 2018 to May 2018 on students attending the departments of non-health science and health science university students. A total of 206 students participated in this study, and all the students in the non-health science and health science departments were found to be highly aware of the need for character education, its importance and the possibility of personality development through learning. Students from all the departments showed high levels on average in terms of self-understanding according to their personality abilities, and especially their high levels of 'consideration' and 'responsibility'. For the differences in perception of self-efficacy, the lowest level of recognition was for 'will' and the average values were not high. In their response to personality level, all students answered that their personality was 'high' (42.1%), and that the personality education courses at the schools they are currently attending were 'not satisfied' with both the non-health science and health science students. As a result, there were higher results overall for the health science students than that for the non-health science students, but there were not many significant differences. To this end, education institutes will have to prepare conditions for university students to cultivate their expertise in character, while at the same time helping them grow into human beings with the qualities demanded by society. In addition, the government should establish curriculums and content by accurately identifying the needs of character education and devising concrete measures for their implementation, and by more faithfully considering quantitative and qualitative context types for the content base of character education.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.84-107
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• 2018

Cheommojik is a pile cloth, a type of textile whose surface is covered with short piles. The term chaedam was used during the late Joseon dynasty to refer to pile cloth rugs, while the terms yoongjeon, dantong and yangtanja were used in the early twentieth century. Various documents, newspaper articles and photographs confirm that pile cloth rugs were used by the general public as well as the royal family from the late Joseon dynasty onward, and that there were domestic manufacturers of such rugs at that time. This study investigated six pile cloth rugs that were produced after the late Joseon dynasty, five of which feature Persian knots made of cut pile, the other being made with the loop pile method. The cut pile rugs are rectangular in shape and measure between 72-98cm by 150-156cm; and they are decorated in the middle with patterns of butterfly, deer, and tiger or the ten longevity symbols, and along the edges with patterns composed of 卍 symbols. The ground warp of all six rugs are made from cotton yarn, while the ground weft is made of cotton yarn on three pieces, wool on one piece and cotton and viscose rayon. The ground weft yarn from four pieces are Z-twist yarn made with two or more S-twist cotton yarn. Four to six colors were used for the pile weft, all being natural colors except for red. Two or more S- or Z-twist yarn were twisted together in the opposite twist for the pile weft, with the thickness determining the number of threads used. Six or more weft threads were used to make the start and end points of the rug; and the ground warp ends were arranged by tying every four of them together. For the left and right edges, three or more threads were wrapped together into a round stick-like form, and the second and third inner ground warps from the edges were stitched on to the wrapped edge. For the loop pile, loops were made in the direction of the warp; the ground warp and the ground weft may have been made with cotton, the pile warp with wool yarn. An analysis of the components of three rugs was conducted to determine which types of animal hair were used for the pile weft. Despite some inconclusive results, it was revealed that goat hair and fat-tailed sheep hair were used, raising the possibility that various kinds of animal fur were used in the production of pile cloth rugs. The six rugs examined in this study are estimated to have been made between the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Although the manufacturer of the rugs cannot be confirmed, we concluded that the rugs were produced in Korea after referring to the documentation of the domestic production of pile cloth rugs during the aforementioned period and the form and placements of the patterns on the rugs.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 2019

From the cosmopolitan superiority of the as the first world map completed in 1402 with surprisingly detailed images and contents on the Africa Continent it is reasonable to think that the Koreans in early fifteen century were already with highly up-to-date perspectives on the universe and world history and cultures. However, some 490 year later the first phytohydrographic plankton investigation in the neritic seas of Korea was performed by a Japanese company with sampling points covering from Tokyo Bay through Jeju neritic waters to Shanghai estuary, which was in turn preceded by the first oceanographic investigation other than the simple mapping Koreans seas by using two French sailboats. The first phytohydrographic plankton investigation in Korean seas were behind the world first oceanic plankton exploration, the German Plankton Expedition, by 25 years. Starting from the oceanographic investigation including phytohydrographic samplings in the whole Yellow Sea in 1915 the full-scale phytohydrographic plankton studies were tried in Korean seas which is well represented by the 1921 oceanographic investigation on the whole East Sea with 80 sampling stations. In 1932 two separate oceanographic investigations followed, one in the East Sea where 78 stations from Busan to southern Sakhalin Island were simultaneously visited by 50 research vessels for the physical, chemical, and biological oceanographic studies, and the other one in southern coast and western East Sea of Korea where ocean current observation as well as plankton sampling were made in 120 stations to understand the relationship between the ocean current and plankton distribution in the region. In 1933-1934 more intensified investigations on phytohydrography were carried out particularly in the East Sea as an integral part of the basic marine ecosystem studies for the Myeong-Tae (Alaska Pollock) resources estimation. Scientists' attitude for the marine investigation and research activities seemed to be almost unchanging even to the year 1943, which could be reflected by the fact that publication of the results from the investigations performed in 1945 were finally done in 1967 at Tokyo. Some 70 years later from the mid-twenty century we might be standing on the turning-point of "need to be prepared" for the new era of changing paradigm by reviewing, archiving, and analyzing the prior information big data from the previous ocean observation and biohydrographic investigations. At the same time each professional societies for the above mentioned sciences might trigger a continuous project to reorganize and update the records on related bibliography and its history every 30 years.