• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1980

This present study was undertaken to assess the effect of sterilization of the thermometer with three sorts of disinfectant sponges-0.1 % bichloride of mercury sponge 70% alcohol sponge, 0.5% zephiran chloride sponge,- by bacterial culture methods in 10 admitted adult patients in S. Hospital, Mok Po city. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The thermometer sterilized with 0.1 ％ bichloride of mercury sponge showed no growth of bacteria organism in 5 cases but showed growth of pathogenic organism in 1 case and non pathogenic organism in 4 cases. 2. The thermomerer sterilized with 70 ％ alcohol sponge showed no growth of bacteria organism in 8 cases but showed growth of nonpathogenic organism in 2 cases. 3. The themometer sterilized with 0.5 ％ zephiran chloride sponge showed no growth of bacteria organism in all 10 cases. From these results it could be concluded that 0.5 ％ zephiran chloride would be most effective in sterilization of thermometer.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.82-85
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• 2004

Flap monitoring is important for flap salvage. Although there are many methods to observe the flap, practical methods mostly used are subjective methods. Recording flap surface temperature is one of the objective methods of flap monitoring. We used an infra-red thermometer to simplify monitoring of the flap temperature. 60 groin flaps of SD rats are used in the experiment. Artificial arterial or venous insufficiency was made and the surface temperature was checked and compared with body temperature. In the results, the temperature of the arterial clamped flaps was lower than that of body and the mean difference was $0.3^{\circ}C$ after 20 minutes of clamping. In the vein-clamped flaps, the mean decrease was $0.4^{\circ}C$ after 30 minutes of clamping. The all difference of the temperature between the flaps and body was statistically significant. Our results suggest that flap monitoring by infra-red thermometer is simple, useful and helpful to evaluate the flap status.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.573-578
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 고성능 디지털 위상 고정 루프(DPLL)에 적용 가능한 새로운 잠금 기법을 소개한다. 이 연구는 LC 기반 디지털 제어 발진기(DCO)에서 발생하는 양자화 오류를 줄이기 위해 추가 서모미터 코드를 사용한다. 본 방식은 전체 DCO 코드를 서모미터 방식으로 구현하지 않음에도 불구하고 높은 선형성을 통해 양자화 오류를 감소시킨다. 초기 잠금 단계에서 바이너리 코드를 사용하고, 잠금이 완료되면 서모미터 코드로 전환하여 높은 주파수 대비 선형성과 낮은 지터 특성을 달성한다. 이 접근법은 낮은 DCO 이득(Kdco) 값을 요구하는 응용에서 서모미터 코드만을 사용하는 기존 방식과 비교하여 스위치의 수를 현저히 줄이고 발진기의 면적을 최소화한다. 또한, 지터 특성은 서모미터 코드만을 사용하는 방식과 동일한 수준을 유지한다. SystemVerilog 및 Verilog HDL을 사용한 모델링과 RTL 수준에서의 설계를 통해 이 기법의 효과가 입증되었다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the method for shortening the body temperature (BT) because it takes a long time and is impractical to measure axillary or oral BT with mercury thermometer, The first approach was to identify BT change according to the measuring time and determine the clinically not statistically avaiable and optimal BT measuring time. The second was to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer. It can measure BT within a few seconds, so if it is approved accurate, we can save BT measuring time by substitute tympanic thermometer for mercury thermometer. This study was conducted from 1, to 30 June, 1996. The subjects were 12men students of medicalk college and 29 women students of nursing school. The results were as follows ; 1) The 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13minute-measured axillary BT and 3, 5, 7, minute-measured BT showed somewhat linear relationship with time. It was difficult to find the optimum measuring time which were clinically significant. 2) For axillary tempeiature, the measuring time which were not statistically different was 11 and 13minute. But the real BT difference between 3 and 13minute, or between 5 and 13minute were very small and was within the range of daily variation. 3) For oral temperature, there was no intervals which showed the statistically insignificant. But like as axillary temperature, the difference between 3 and 7, or 5 and 7 minute were trivial by $0.3^{\circ}C$ and by $0.1^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4) Tympanic temperatures were lower than oral BTs which were measured with mercury thermometer by $0.26^{\circ}C$ (with ear tug) and $0.15^{\circ}C$(without ear tug). 5) The reliability of repeated measure tympanic temperature was better than without ear tug. With above results, we can't determine the optimal and cilically significant oral and axillary measuring time using mercury thermometer. However, because the real differences between measuring times were very small, so we recommend further study for the aged, the infants and the febrile patients. And we can't sure the accuracy of tympanic temperature but the reliability was better with ear tug than without ear tug.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.903-916
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the ear-based rectal temperature measured with a tympanic thermometer with the rectal temperature measured with a glass mercury thermometer in order to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer and to determine relationship among rectal, axilla, and abdominal temperature in neonates. The samples consisted of thirty four neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and nursery at an university affiliated hospital. The mean age of the subjects was 4.9 days. The ear-based rectal temperatures were taken with a tympanic thermometer in rectal mode (First Temp Genius 3000). Rectal and axilla temperatures were taken with a glass mercury thermometer, Abdominal temperature was continuously monitored with the probe connected to the servo controller of incubator. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. Intrarater comparison : Agreement between the first and the second ear-based rectal temperature was 97% within 0.1$^{\circ}C$. 2. Comparison of ear-based rectal temperature and the rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer : ear-based rectal temperature ranged from 36.95$^{\circ}C$d to 37.95$^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 37.58$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.22$^{\circ}C$). Rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.2$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean 36.75$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.29). The mean difference between both temperatures was 0.84$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between both temperatures was r＝0.77(p＝0.00). 3. Comparison of rectal and axilla temperature : Axilla temperature ranged from 35.8$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.1$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.55$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between the rectal and axilla temperature was 0.23$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between rectal and axilla was r＝0.67. 4. Comparison of axilla and abdominal temperature : Abdominal temperature ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.0$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.58$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between axilla and abdominal temperature was only -0.03$^{\circ}C$. Findings of this study suggest that ear-based rectal temperature overestimates the actual rectal temperatures in neonates. Therefore, the interchangeble use of both temperatures in clinics seems problematic. The site offset(adjustment value) programmed in rectal mode of the tympanic thermometer needs to be readjusted. Choosing one optimal site for temperature measurement for each patient, and using the specific site consistently would result in more consistent measurements of changes in body temperature, and thus can be more effective in diagnosing fever or hypothermia.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2014

Continuous body temperature monitoring is useful and essential in diverse medical procedures such as infection onset detection, therapeutic hypothermia, circadian rhythm monitoring, sleep disorder assessment, and gynecological research. However, the existing thermometers are too invasive or intrusive to be applied to long-term body temperature monitoring. In our previous study, we invented the bi-medium deep body thermometer which can noninvasively and continuously monitor deep tissue temperature. And the ratio of thermal resistances expressed as K-value should be obtained to estimate body temperature with the thermometer and it can be different under various measurement environments. Although the device was proven to be useful through preliminary simulation test and small group of human study, the experimental environment was restrictive in our previous approach. In this study, a finite element simulation was executed to obtain the K-value and evaluate the accuracy of bi-medium thermometer under various measurement environments. In addition, K-value estimation equation was developed by analyzing the influence of 5 measurement environmental factors (medium length, medium height, tissue depth, blood perfusion rate, and ambient temperature) on K-value. The results revealed that the estimation accuracy of bi-medium deep body thermometer based on computer simulation was very high (RMSE < $0.003^{\circ}C$) in various measurement environments. Also, bi-medium deep body thermometer based on K-value estimation equation showed relatively accurate results (RMSE < $0.3^{\circ}C$) except for one case. Although the K-value estimation technology should be improved for more accurate body temperature estimation, the results of finite element simulation showed that bi-medium deep body thermometer could accurately measure various tissue temperatures under diverse environments.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to develop some easy-checking thermometers instead of taking temperature of ectum for the farmers to detect easily a diseased animal with fever. Thermometers such as pincher-type, hood-type, raser-type, stick-type, and wrap-type were devised for the experiments. The experimental animals were cattle, horse, swine, aprine, and canine. Temperature-taking parts of the body were ear, shoulder, axilla, gluteal part, and coccygeal part according o the devised thermometer. Rectal temperature was taken at the same time for the comparison of temperature between rectum nd the certain part. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part using eraser-type thermometer for the domestic animals were $3.37^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.94^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.04^{\circ}C$ for swine, $1.27^{\circ}C$ for caprine, $0.9^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part using eraser-type thermometer for domestic animals were $3.46^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.98^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.22^{\circ}C$ for swine, and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of intra-individual temperature taken by eraser-type thermometer of shoulder and gluteal part were 0.3 and $0.8^{\circ}C$ for cattle, 0.7 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for horses, 0.6 and $0.7^{\circ}C$ for swine, 0.9 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part taken by hood-type thermometer for cattle was $3.93^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part taken by stick-type thermometer for cattle was $3.7^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The other types of thermometers than the above three were not proved to be reliable to detect temperature of domestic animals. It was concluded that hood-type, stick-type and eraser-type thermometers are recommendable devices of thermometer to detect easily the status of body temperature and that the eraser-type was proved to be a practical one of the thermometers used in this study.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2003

Therapeutic ultrasound is commonly applied for deep heating in physical therapy setting. However, it is difficult to determine the exact application dosage and to confirm the immediate heating effect. Microwave Radio-Thermometer (MRT) can measure the temperature by the electromagnetic energy in the microwave region of the object that emits above absolute zero temperature. MRT was used for early diagnosis of breast cancer since it was not harmful, non-invasive, and non-ionizing to the human body. The purposes of this study were to investigate how accurately 1.1 GHz RTM (RES Ltd. Russia) measures the change of average temperature in the tissue, and to determine the depth of temperature change measurement. Therapeutic ultrasound was applied (continuous wave for 5 minutes, 1 MHz, intensity of 1.5 $W/cm^2$ [in vitro] and 1.0 $W/cm^2$ [in vivo]) in four different conditions: (1) 30 cases of in vitro specimen of pork, (2) 30 cases of in vitro specimen of pork ankle joint, (3) 10 cases of in vivo canine thigh, and (4) 30 cases of in vivo human body. Intraclass Correlation Coeffients (ICC[3,1]) between average needle probe thermometer below surface and MRT temperature was revealed as followed: (1) Before ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .8 in specimen of pork (15 mm underneath the skin) and above .82 in specimen of pork ankle joint (10~30 mm underneath the skin). (2) After ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .7 in both specimens of pork and pork ankle joint. (3) Before ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .8 in canine thigh (20 mm underneath the skin). (4) After ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .82 in canine thigh. The temperature of the human body increased significantly with the mean of $15^{\circ}C$ in muscle tissue and with the mean of $3.5^{\circ}C$ in joint (p<.00). It was revealed that the average depth of temperature measurement of the tissue by MRT was in between 10 and 35 mm, and determined that the proper temperature measurement band was $36.5{\sim}37.0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.517-526
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• 2000

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the capability of detecting nutrimental deficient stress of N, P and Ca of a tomato plant using several fast and intact type physiological properties measuring devices - a chlorophyll content meter an infra-red thermometer to measure leaf temperature a chlorophyll fluorescence meter a porometer an optical spectrometer a multi-scan radiometer and a canopy analyzer. to detect N deficient stress a chlorophyll content meter a spectrometer and a multi-scan radiometer were useful and their possibility to detect was estimated as about 50%, 100% and 100% respectively. To detect P deficient stress the infra-red thermometer the porometer and the spectrometer proved their usefulness an their possibility to detect was estimated as about 70%, 70% and 70% respectively. To detect Ca deficient stress an thermometer a porometer a spectrometer and a multi-scan radiometer were useful and their possibility to detect was estimated as about 60%, 70%,80% and 100% respectively. The experiments resulted that use of a spectrometer and a multi-scan radiometer in combination with a chlorophyll content meter an infra-red thermometer and a porometer were desirable to distinguish the nutrimental stress tested in the study.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.746-759
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• 2013

Purpose: Infrared thermometers are increasingly used as a convenient, non-invasive assessment method for febrile children. However, the diagnostic accuracy of the infrared thermometer for children has been questioned, particularly in relation to sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometers in febrile children. Methods: Articles published between 1966 and 2012 from periodicals indexed in the Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, KoreaMed, NDSL, KERIS and other databases were selected, using the following keywords: 'infrared thermometer'. The QUADAS-II was applied to assess the internal validity of the diagnostic studies. Selected studies were analyzed using meta-analysis with MetaDisc 1.4. Results: Nineteen diagnostic studies with high methodological quality, involving 4,304 children, were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC (Area Under the Curve) of infrared tympanic thermometers in children over 1 year were 0.80 (95% CI 0.78, 0.81), 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.95) and 0.95 respectively. However the diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometers in children with hyperthermia was low. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometer was similar to axillary and rectal thermometers indicating a need for further research to substantiate these findings in children with hyperthermia.