• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.143-154
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• 2012

As demand of water resources and attentions to changes in climate (e.g., due to ENSO) increase, long/short term prediction of precipitation is getting necessary in water planning. This research evaluated the ability of MM5 to predict precipitation in the Tampa Bay region over 23 year period from 1986 to 2008. Additionally MM5 results were statistically bias-corrected using observation data at 33 stations over the study area using CDF-mapping approach and evaluated comparing to raw results for each ENSO phase (i.e., El Ni$\tilde{n}$o and La Ni$\tilde{n}$a). The bias-corrected model results accurately reproduced the monthly mean point precipitation values. Areal average daily/monthly precipitation predictions estimated using block-kriging algorithm showed fairly high accuracy with mean error of daily precipitation, 0.8 mm and mean error of monthly precipitation, 7.1 mm. The results evaluated according to ENSO phase showed that the accuracy in model output varies with the seasons and ENSO phases. Reasons for low predictions skills and alternatives for simulation improvement are discussed. A comprehensive evaluation including sensitivity to physics schemes, boundary conditions reanalysis products and updating land use maps is suggested to enhance model performance. We believe that the outcome of this research guides to a better implementation of regional climate modeling tools in water management at regional/seasonal scale.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.44-57
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• 2019

It is crucial to understand how people make decisions on mode choice and to accurately predict their behaviors in transportation planning. One of avenues for advancing modeling is, in particular, taking into account for taste heterogeneity in modeling that can incorporate different decision-making processes across group. In this study, we hypothesize that how people make decisions on mode choice would differ by destination in that land use characteristics are heterogeneous by zone even if zones are all in the same area. To this end, we apply Latent Class Modeling (LCM) to commute trips in Seoul by using 2010 household travel diary survey, investigate types of latent classes with the aid of characteristics of destination, and analyze how those classes differently response to factors. The LCM identifies two classes: in the first one, modal split of auto and public transit (bus and metro) is almost half-and-half and the trip destinations are characterized by relatively more residence facilities and less business/commercial facilities; in the second one, public transit has a notably high share and trip destinations are characterized by relatively more business/commercial facilities. In addition, it turns out that demographic and socio-economic variables affect mode choice differently by class.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.145-157
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• 2017

Currently, the height of ships that can pass under Busan Harbor Bridge is limited to 60m or shorter, so that large-sized ships of 60m or taller cannot use Busan Harbor international passenger terminal. Accordingly, this study has developed a service which measures continuously the change of bridge height by water level changes and provides such in real-time for safe bridge passage of large-sized ships of 60m or taller. The measurement system comprised of high-precision laser distance measurement device, GPS sensor, optical module, and damping structure is used to measure the bridge height change according to tide level changes, and the measured information is provided in real-time through cloud-based mobile app. Also, in order to secure objective bridge height data for changes to height limits and navigation supports, the observation data was analyzed and forecast model was drawn. As a result, it became an objective evidence to revise the passage height rules of the Busan Port Bridge from 60 meters to 63 meters.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.25-46
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• 2010

The demand for fuel and energy resources continues to grow due to increased consumption and emerging economies in all parts of the world. With this increase in demand, crude oil prices in the international market has jumped dramatically. Global warming, which is a consequence of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has become scientific, social, and political concerns. To cope with global warming and energy crisis, cost-competitive biofuels are urgently needed. In addition, development of an infrastructure, which supplies energy stably and diversifies energy resources, as well as new cost-saving technologies should be developed to reduce the costs of producing biofuels. Due to high oleic acid content, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is currently the potential feedstock for biodiesel production in temperate zone region and the production and use of rapeseed oil is already commercialized in Europe. In Korea double-cropping (rice and rapeseed) became more prevalent because it reduces competitions from land constraints. Production of rapeseed as a biodiesel feedstock may reduce the influence of rising oil prices and nation's dependence on imported petroleum and increase job opportunities and farm incomes.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.744-753
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• 2015

This paper presents the results of research on developing marine unified communications to provide VoIP service based on marine satellites. With the recent popularity of smart-phones and other mobile devices, the demand for Internet-based wired and wireless unified technology has been growing in marine environments, and increasing interest is being directed to VoIP products and service models with high price competitiveness and the ability to deliver a variety of services. In this regard, this research designed three instruments, developed their unit modules, and verified their performances. These three instruments included the following: (1) a marine VoIP module equipped with an analogue gateway that can be linked to the existing devices used in vessels, which is more than 80% smaller than that of a land system; (2) a text/voice/video engine for marine satellite communications that runs on technology that minimizes communication data usage, which is a core technology for a marine VoIP service; and (3) a unified communication service that can support multilateral cloud-based message conversations, telephone number-based call functions, and voice/video calling between a private space in a ship and shore.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to make and use monoclonal Ab which reacts with CMV major immediate early(${\alpha}$) protein(p72). Methods : Normal human fibroblast(Foreskin derived) was cultured in Eagle's minimal essential medium(MEM) containing 10% cowfetus serum and mouse chondroblast was cultured in P3X63 Ag8.653(ATCC. Maryland USA) to maintain $5{\times}10^5/ml$ cell counts. CMV(KJHJ90) from congenital CMV infected infant's urine was multiplied and used for Ab making. CMV Ag was injected 4 times, 1 week interval into the peritoneal space of 6~8 weeks old mice. And then lymphocyles and fibroblasts taken from spleen were obtained and conjugated. After the conjugated cell cultured, we chose the cell that had high Ab titer using indirect immunofluerescent method. Results : Among the 28 monoclonal antibodies obtained LPC12 and LPC23 reacted highly with nucleus of AD169 infected cell. Purified AD169 after SDS-PAGE, molecular weight of Ag, which reacted with purified monoclonal Ab, was obtained using Western blotting. Monoclonal Ab of LPC12 and LPC23 clone reacted most highly with 72 kd Ag. Conclusion : LPC12 and LPC23 clonal Ab with AD 169(P63-27) is useful on early diagnosis of CMV infection.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Rice paddies not only produce food but also provides wildlife habitats. Although more than half agricultural land of South Korea is rice paddy, a few studies have been conducted in rice paddy ecosystem. We investigated a status of bird using a rice paddy in South Korea using published data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Birds using a rice paddy have been defined as birds which breed, rest or forage on rice paddy, bank, reservoirs or irrigation ditches. According to the publication from 1980s, birds using a rice paddy were total 47 families 279 species. Scolopacidae and Charadriidae (18%), Falconidae, Accipitridae and Strigidae (12%) and Anatidae (11%) used a rice paddy. Half of bird species using a rice paddy visited a dried rice paddy during the winter and 39.4% of them used a flooded rice paddy in spring, autumn or summer. Dependency on a rice paddy was high in ducks, egrets, cranes, and shorebirds. Population of dabbling ducks has decreased for last 12 years while cranes have increased. CONCLUSION(S): Rice paddies provide both migratory and terrestrial birds including endangered species for habitate all through the year in Korea.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2012

potential assessment of converting closed non sanitary landfills into sustainable landfill through the reclamation works(= landfill mining project) of illegal landfill discovered in land development site using Sustainable Landfill Reclamation system(SLR-system) was investigated. The SLR system had treatment capacity of 91.4 $m^3/hr$ (130.61 ton/hr) in condition of 28.0% of water content. Recovery ratio and purity of sorted soil were 98.9% and 99.66%, respectively. Sorted combustibles were 91.8% and 92.0%, respectively. Especially, high heating value (HHV) and low heating value(LHV) of combustibles were 4,282kcal/kg and 3,636 kcal/kg, respectively, in considering the energy content and recovery ratio of combustibles. Therefore, combustibles separated from landfill site have higher value than Fluff RDF standard value(3,500kcal/kg) of MOE. RDF can be produced with combustibles by 84.43%. Averaged size and organic foreign matter content of the sorted soil were less than 035mm and 0.31 %(VN), respectively. In addition, concentration of all contents of hazardous matters containing soils met safety standards. Therefore, it is possible to be recycled as refilling and cover materials to rebuild Sustainable landfills by 98.42%.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.16-38
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• 1994

The spatial structure of Korea has been changed drastically during the second half of this century. The events such as the Korean War and the resultant division of the Korean Peninsular into two Koreas, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major causes among others for the spatial changes of the nation. The changes in turn have spawned a number of spatial problems. It is time, we argue, to diagnose how much the nation is now ill-structured, and to discuss of which directions the long-term spatial management be reoriented. A delphi survey was conducted during the early 1993 to fulfill such research needs. Questionnaires were distributed among geographers, planners, and high governmental officials throughout the nation. These 'experts of spatial problems' were requested to evaluate the past spatial policies and strategies, and to identify spatial and environmental problems at the national, regional and local levels. The survey included questions with regard to the spatial problems in North Korea too. A complementary literature survey in the fields of spatial sciences was accomplished as well in order to identify the major research interests and issues with regard to the nations's spatial structure. The delphi survey results indicatee that the present spatial structure: in relation to consumption, housing and economic activities is satisfactory in overall, while rather poor in terms of education, leisure and community activities. Most of the experts consider infrastructural improvements are urgent in the areas of roads, waste disposal facilitles, railroads, harbors, water supply and drainage systems. The over-concentration of economic, social and political function in the Seoul Metropolitan Region is perceived to be the most serious spatial problem in Korea. The long-term solutions suggested are strategies toward a more balanced regional development as well as toward a cleaner environment. The concensus among the experts for the short-term solution is the redistribution of population and industries from the Seoul Metropolitan Region to the intermediate and small cities. The land use policies and concurrent large-scale infrastructural projects are evaluated largely pertinent and desirable in general. It is, however, suggested that development projects be conducted in a more harmonious way with environment. The survey respondents suggest that the present environmental management policies should be reexamined critically. With regard to regional and local problems, transportation and pollutions are thought to be most serious in the Seoul Metropolitan Region, while employment opportunities, and information, education and health care services are most deprived in small cities and rural areas. The majority of the experts consider a city size of 250, 000-500, 000 population is desirable to live within. Respondents beileve that North Korea's physical environment is still not aggravated much whereas its infrastructural provisions are largely pool. The co-authors of this research figure a "environmentaly sound and spatially balanced Korean Penninsular" as the ideal type of spatial structure in Korea. The basic guidelines toward this ideal prototype are suggested: the recovery of spetial integrity, progressive restructuring of the nation, land uses geared to public welfare rather than private interests, and eco-humanistic approach in spatial policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

This study was carried out to provide examples of planting methods for the construction of street green spaces with abundant greenery by analyzing road type, surrounding land use and planting structures in street green spaces on Port Island, Kobe, Japan. Port Island_(total area: 826ha) is a marine cultural city located in Japan's first artificial island with facilities of urban function and port facilities. The study site was designated at 11 plots of $55{\sim}285m^2$ on Port Island, and topography structure styles were divided into four types with mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style, flat style according to the adjacent roads width. The area adjacent to the middle roads with high levels of noise and pollution set up the mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style of multi-layer structures using topographic properties. The area adjacent to small roads focused on a green strip with shrubs on a flat style. Surrounding land-uses include a public institution, housing complex, and a commercial building. The planting concept was a buffer and landspace function in case of the middle road_(lane 4) while the small road_(lane 2) was a landspace function. Planting species were diverse with Liquidambe formosana, Cinnamomum camphora, Sapium sebiferum, Cedrela sinensis, Laeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, Zelkova serrata, Quercus glauca, Juniperus chinensis, Magnolia kobus, Rhododendron spp., Camellia japonica, Abelia mosanensis, etc. Planting density was 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the canopy layer, 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the understory layer. Ratio of green coverage was 40.0~173.7(93.0)% at the canopy layer, 2.1~79.8(34.9)% at the understory layer and 17.9~64.2(32.9)% at the shrub layer. $Gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ was $1.43{\sim}6.67(4.13)m^3/m^2$ at the canopy layer, $0.02{\sim}2.01(0.85)m^3/m^2$ at the understory layer and $0.14{\sim}0.58(0.26)m^3/m^2$ at the shrub layer. The ratio of green coverage of street green space on Port Island was higher than that of Seoul, and particularly, the ratio of green coverage and $gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ at the shrub layer differed, compared to the main street green space in Korea. The result of this study may be applicable to other coastal reclaimed cities in terms of setting methods for street greenery considering the topography structure, planting structure and planting function.