• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1997

The isotropic single-hardening constitutive model has been applied to predict the behavior of soils during reorientation of principal stresses in the field. The predicted response by the model agrees well with the measured behavior for a series of torsion shear tests performed on hollow cylinder specimens of Ko consoildated clay along various stress -paths. This indicates that the soil behavior during reorientation of principal stresses can be predicted by using the model with application of simple informations given by isotropic compression tests and conventional consolidated-undxained triaxial compression tests. Isotropic elasto-plastic soil behavior has been served during primary loading from both the torsion shear tests and the predictions by the model. However, the directions of maj or principal strain increment given by the model have not coincided with the directions for tests during stress reversal, such as unloading and reloading, within isotropic yield surface for Ko consolidated stress. This indicates that kinematic hardening model instead of isotropic hardening model should be developed to predict the soil behavior during stress reversal. The experimental strain increment vectors in the work-space have been compared with the directions expected for associated and nonassociated flow rules.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.172-192
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether the effect of introduction of OCS(Order Communication System) to the hospital is satisfied or not comparing the anticipated effect with the actual effect. For this purpose, a domestic hospital which has introduced and has been operating OCS for several years was chosen. Based on the internal data of S Hospital prepared before introducing OCS, researcher has analyzed the basic direction, design standard and status of operation after the introduction of OCS, etc. After analyzing the status of operations of several departments using OCS and interviewing with the chiefs of pertinent departments, a survey form was designed. Actual survey and interviews were conducted by the researcher for weeks to know whether doctors, nurses, medical technicians and clerks of the patient management dept. were satisfied with OCS and to find if they have any recommendations to improve OCS. Based on the analysis of survey, the effect of OCS was evaluated whether it has satisfied the anticipated effectiveness. For the question if they feel convenient in using OCS, doctors, nursing staffs in charge of ward and the staffs of billing dept. has answered that they were all satisfied(100%). The answers for the same question were relatively high in the case of nurses in charge of outpatient and staffs of radiography. Of course, there have been some nurses and staffs who complained for the inconvenience. However, overall satisfaction was high on the average. Some common problems occurred after the introduction of OCS were frequent errors due to instability of OCS system, paralysis of function of hardware on data back-up system and redundant investment due to erroneous choice of DB program in setting DB. It was also pointed out that lack of computer education and low participation of medical staffs has resulted in failure of developing effective software. As a result, it has lowered the efficiency of OCS. For example, some works have to be done by hands even after OCS. Based on the result of this research, recommendations to maximize the effect of OCS were presented as follows. First, strong leadership of CEO and active cooperation of doctors are mandatory. Second, all the process of hospital work should be analyzed and be redesigned in more efficient ways. Third, OCS should be designed to be user-based system which can be used efficiently by all staffs of the hospital. Forth, prior to the operation of OCS, proper tests of the program and trainings of the pertinent staff are required. Fifth, prior to the selection of hardware, BMT(Bench Marking Test) should be conducted. Sixth, before introducing OCS, staffs in charge of OCS should visit many hospitals operating the OCS system and take their cases into account.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.379-388
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of capsulated slurry phase change material (PCM) on the thermal crack in mass concrete by experimental work and FEM analysis. In this study, three conditions of samples were prepared for evaluating the level of hydration heat, i.e., a material condition, a cement paste condition and a concrete condition. Also, a compressive strength test was conducted for FEM inverse analysis. Based on the results of the experiment, exothermic function coefficients of concrete with encapsulated slurry PCM were deducted by the inverse analysis. After that, they applied to FEM analysis of the mass scale concrete structures. From the results of this experiment, $31^{\circ}C$ capsulated slurry PCM had no super cooling phenomenon in the material condition. In the cement condition, hydration heat decreased by 34.61J when PCM of 1g was mixed. In the concrete condition, PCM of 6% was deducted as the best level in hydration heat absorption. In FEM inverse analysis, rate coefficient of reaction gradually decreased when PCM mixing ratio increased. But, temperature-rise coefficient increased when PCM mixing ratio exceeded 6%. For the inversed exothermic function coefficients applying to large scale concrete structures, a thermal cracking index increased by 0.05 when PCM of 1% was mixed.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2006

We incorporated cooperative learning focusing on the 'Crustal Deformation' in five classes of second grade students, at an all-girls' middle school of Gimje city. The groups of cooperative learning were composed of four members of students each, according to the heterogeneous level. We conducted a pretest on the students' preference before incorporating the cooperative learning. After ten weeks of cooperative school work, the students took a post test with the same questions as the pretest. The result of this method greatly impacted the change on the students' scientific preference. It means that the students showed a positive change in their awareness of and participation in science classes, compared to before. However it is difficult to distinguish the differences in their scientific attitude on the recognition about scientists and habits which make them think scientifically. This resulted from the short period of ten weeks which is not sufficient to carry out the study strategy effectively. Surveys of the students on cooperative learning indicates that the middle level students prefer this method unlike the higher or lower level students. we are convinced that they can learn from the students of higher level and are able to help the lower level with the interaction through cooperative learning. According to the result of the survey, the method has some weaknesses; it arouses the high noise levels and consequent disturbance due to verbal interaction and of conflicts due to disagreements when they discuss the process. On the contrary, advantages are developing the students's interest in science class, helping them to learn, creating positive participation in class, and fostering mutual collaboration with other students through cooperative learning.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore changes of elementary science class in student oriented group inquiry activities using a Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) template that enhance scaffolding of inquiry. The changes focused on students' written reports and perceptions of their learning environment as well as discourse patterns. One fourth-grade class of 29 students participated in this study, and a developed work sheet of science writing was utilized to scaffold student's inquiry activities. Four units in the first-semester text book for fourth grade of the-, 2007 Educational Curriculum Revision were chosen for scaffolding inquiry, and sixteen lessons of instruction were all videotaped. For investigating students' written reports, a framework based on the aspects of science inquiry by Millar (2010) was used to evaluate the coherence between student inquiry activities and their claims. Secondly, a regular fourth-grade class was selected as the control group and was compared with the experiment group using the pre- and post-test of the survey on the perception of science class and science. Lastly, students' discourse patterns of the beginning science lesson were compared with those of the closing lesson. We found that the coherence in the last class increased significantly in students' written reports compared to the first one. Findings also indicated that students' perceptions on their learning environment moved toward student-centered. Based on our discourse patterns analysis, the last class was more student-centered from being teacher-centered than the first one.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.22-43
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze students' expectation for specialized subjects teacher's role of technical high school. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey method. A survey questionnaire was developed by researcher to collect the information needed for the study. It consists of 15 items. 428 questionnaires were used for analysis. A chi squared test was used for data analysis. Major findings of this study were as follows: First, when specialized subjects teachers lecture major theory subject classes, students of technical high school wanted it to be according to their level. Their practical class preference differed depending on their department. For the security guidance method during practical class, students most wanted teachers constantly instructing in class. Second, students of technical high school wanted their teachers to pay attention to personality guidance during student life guidance & counseling time. They hoped that teachers would not discriminate towards wrong doings. Also students wanted career the most as a counseling topic and expected a guidance role from teachers. Third, students of technical high school wanted teachers to work hard to create a harmonious class atmosphere when managing a class. They wanted teachers to have affection for class and students. They wanted teachers making jokes easily with students to get friendly. Fourth, students of technical high school hoped 'employment and entrance higher grade school' the most as a career guidance topic. They wanted teachers to consider their aptitude when they were counseling about finding a job and wanted to learn more about job information during employment instructions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.140-146
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• 2014

This paper presents a case study to develop e-learning contents of agricultural safety based on the assessment of risks of 4 selected crops and stock farming: rice, potatoes, apples, tomatoes and stock raising. The aged farmers, who are main workforce of current Korean agriculture and relatively more vulnerable to various risks of agricultural work compared to younger workers, were considered as the main users of the contents in developing them. The safety guidelines were presented as simple as possible and the interfaces were designed to be simple and easy to use so that the older users can use it without much difficulty. In making the scenarios of the contents, risk assessments were carried out for each crop and stock farming with the focus being on occupational diseases rather than accidental injuries. To make the contents more attractive to the farmers, the functions requiring active responses from the users, such as answering simple questions, were included in the contents. Usability evaluation by experts of ergonomics and agricultural tasks were carried out in modifying the draft version, whereas formal usability test was not included in the case study. Though there are some limitations in the developed contents in the aspects of evaluation of usability and effectiveness, this case study shows the structured procedure of developing e-learning safety contents based on the risk assessments on agricultural tasks. The developed e-learning contents are expected to be used practically and easily in educating and training older farmers about safety and health of agricultural tasks.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in thirty-three secondary school girls by means of the treadmill test. Eighteen middle school girls aged 14.0 (range: $13.0{\sim}15.9$) years and fifteen high school girls aged 16.9 (range: $16.0{\sim}18.0$) years served as subjects. Maximal treadmill run lasted for 2 minutes and 20 seconds and the expired air was collected in a Douglas bag through a J-valve during the last one minute period. In general, absolute values of various measurements in the high school girls were greater than those of the middle school girls. When values were expressed on the body weight or lean body weight basis, however, work capacity of middle school girls was superior to that of the high school girls. The detailed results are as follows: 1. In middle school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.78 l/min., 47.4 ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 61.7ml/kg lean body mass. In high school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.93 l/min., 39.7ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 51.2 ml/kg LBM. Although the absolute value of maximal oxygen uptake was greater in high school girls than in middle school girls, values expressed on the body weight basis showed the reverse trend, namely, values of the middle school girls was greater than those of the high school girls. 2. The ratio of maximal to resting oxygen uptake was 8.8 in the middle school girls and was 10.2 in the high school girls. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in the middle school girls was 55.3 l/min. and 66.1 l/min. in the high school girls. The ratio of maximal to resting pulmonary ventilation was 10.2 in the middle school girls and 10.1 in the high school girls. 4. The correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen uptake was relatively high, namely, r=0.79 both in middle and high school girls. The correlation coefficient between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was a little less that of between maximal oxygen uptake and showed a value of r=0.60 both in middle and high school girls. The lean body mass was a poor reference of maximal oxygen uptake or maximal pulmonary ventilation as compared to body weight. The correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and maximal pulmonary ventilation was high and the coefficient of correlation in middle school girls was 0.927 and in high school girls it was 0.856. 5. Maximal ventilation equivalent was 30.9 liters in middle school girls and 33.9 liters in high school girls. This indicated that no hyperventilation was induced during the maximal of oxygen uptake exercise period as related to the maximal oxygen uptake. 6. Heart rate reached to the peak value within 1.5 minutes after beginning of maximal oxygen uptake run and remained at the same peak plateau level throughout the entire running period. Heart rate decreased steeply on cessation of running and subsided slowly thereafter. The maximal heart rate was 184 beat/min. in middle school girls and 189 beat/min. in high school girls. 7. Maximal oxygen pulse was 9.4 in middle school girls and 9.9 ml/beat in high school girls.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

Objective: This study was conducted to describe physical therapists' attitudes and beliefs towards Korean Government's National Long Term Care Insurance Program implemented last July 2008. Design: A survey research. Methodology: Participants were 143 physical therapists working in General Hospitals or University Hospitals in Busan, Korea. Each of the participants completed a questionnaire which was comprised of 22 questions. Among the 22 questions, 7 of these were independent variables such as gender, age, career, etc. while 15 of these questions were dependent variables such as the subject's expectations and reactions on the said program, opinions of the participants on the impact of the program to old people's families and relatives, participant's sentiments on social effects of this program to the society, etc. Data collection was conducted from the $20^{th}$ of July to the $5^{th}$ of August, 2008. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test, frequency and cross tabs using SPSS/PC program. Results: Based on the survey conducted, it showed that 50.3% were female respondents, 53.8% were on their twenties, 31.5% of the total respondents were married and that a percentage of 82.4% had working experiences below 10 years. About 80.4% of respondents were satisfied of their jobs and 32.4%of the respondents graduated from three - year college degree, 49.3% of the respondents graduated from four-year college degree. 95.1% of the total respondents knew the existence of the national long term care insurance program of the government and almost 78% got the information of the said program via internet, news paper or T.V. About 86% of the respondents believe that there will be future improvements in the quality of life in Korea through the said program and 82% said that there will be an increase sense of responsibility among family members to take care of their old relatives. 67.2 % of respondents believe that problems regarding old people will be solved through the government's national long term care insurance program. In aspect of Physical Therapy, 50% of the respondents expected generation of more jobs especially to physical therapists and 95% of the respondents want to work in any position in the said program especially those are more experienced ones. Conclusion: Physical Therapists in Korea are aware of the existence of the National Long Term Care Insurance Program of the Korean Government. Based on the gathered results from the survey, many experienced physical therapists of the country wanted to acquire positions in the said program especially that their expertise are needed in the said field. Through this study, it is evident that many physical therapists of the country have positive vibes on the said program and are optimistic on the outcomes of the said insurance program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-44
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• 1998

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration strategies for the disturbed landscapes by theoretical study. Especially, it is aimed to suggest three objectives for restoration by using native plants ; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Cooperation between restoration ecologists and restoration practitioners is needed to delineate a scientific approach to restoration ; (1) Being aware of published literature that describes similar work and/or establish general principles. (2) Preparedness to carry out proper experiments to test ideas. (3) Preparedness to monitor fundamental parameters in a restoration scheme. (4) Providing information about the behavior of species. (5) Publish results. 2. There are three models of succession in theories of plant succession. The tolerance and facilitation models were recommended to ecological restoration. The inhibition model applies in most secondary succession, but the actual species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. 3. The objectives of erosion control, wildlife habitat provision, and visual quality improvement are not mutually exclusive. However, many revegetation practices in the past have emphasized one of these aspects at the expense of the others. 4. A native plant community can be the model of ecological restoration. By stylization/abstraction of native plant community, trying to learn the most essential characteristics of community types - environmental factors ; dominant, prevalent, and "visual essence" species composition - in order to use such information in restoration. 5. After developing mass/spaces plan, match plant communities to the mass/space plan. In utilizing community grouping, there needs aesthetic ability to understand design elements. 6. Several hydrophytes such as Pennisetum saccharifluous, Themeda triandra, Cirsium pendulum show relatively good germination rates. In case of mesophytes and xerophytes, Arundinella hina, Artemisia princeps, Oenothera odorata and legumes seem to have quick-germinating abilities at barren sites. Pinus thunbergii, Rhus chinensis, Evodia daniellii, Alnus firma and Albizzia julibrissin can be considered as "late succession" woody plants because they show low germinating rates and slow growing habitat. 7. The seeds used for restoration should be collected within a certain radius of where it will be planted. Consideration in genetic issues in the collection and use of germplasm can increase the odds for successful restoration efforts. 8. The useful model in the "drift" pattern occurs so abundantly in naturally evolving landscapes. As one species diminishes in density, a second or third species are increased. Thus, dynamic interactions between species are created. Careful using of "drift phenomenon" in planting was recommended. 9. Virtually no stand of vegetation today is immune from the introduction and/or spreading of exotic species. Therefore, the perpetuation of a restored sites requires conscious monitoring and management. Thus, management would be the most important process in ecological restoration. 10. In order to keep the sites "natural", alternative management strategies would be applied in management ; Atenative management strategies are decelerating successional process, accelerating successional processes or modifying species composition. As management tools, mechanical, chemical, biological or environmental factor manipulation, e.g., fire could be used.