• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.60-72
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• 2022

우리나라에 남아 있는 목조건축문화재들은 다양한 생물학적 요인에 의해 손상된다. 이 중 흰개미는 목재 내부를 손상시켜 문화재의 구조적 안정성과 진정성에 악영향을 미친다. 국내 전 지역에서 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해가 발생하고 있으며, 기후변화로 인해 그 피해는 더욱 증가할 것으로 추정된다. 문화재의 흰개미 피해는 돌이킬 수 없으므로 예방보존이 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 논문은 목조건축문화재의 효과적인 흰개미 예방을 위해 공간적 통합 흰개미 관리(AW-ITM)의 문화재 적용을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 수행되었다. 먼저 국내 목조건축문화재의 입지 특성을 이해하기 위해, 공간정보시스템(GIS)을 이용하여 국가지정 목조건축문화재(국보, 보물) 182건의 인접한 산림과의 거리, 주변 산림 면적을 분석하였다. 또한 2003~2020년 실시된 국가지정문화재 방충사업 내역과, 종합적 흰개미 관리(ITM)의 구성요소 4가지에 따라 국내 문화재 흰개미 방제의 특성을 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 문화재와 주변 공간을 세 영역으로 구분하고 각 영역별로 적합한 흰개미 방제 방안을 제안하였다. 또한 목조건축문화재들의 입지(도심, 외곽, 산림)와 건물 수량(단일, 복합)에 따라 6가지 유형으로 구분하여 각 유형별 흰개미 방제 영역을 구분하였다. 이 연구에서 제시된 공간적 종합 방제의 개념은 최근 문화재청에서 발표한 '목조문화재 흰개미 방제 종합 방제대책' 등에서 주변 환경 개선 등으로 일부 반영해 적용되고 있다. 이에 공간적 통합 흰개미 관리(AW-ITM)의 적용 또한 일부 대상에 시범적으로 적용한 뒤 그 결과를 면밀히 분석하여 문화재 보존관리 정책 수립에 반영할 필요가 있다.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1997

A study was carried out to investigate the distribution of termites at the southern part of Korea between 1995 and 1996. During the survey, termite samples were collected from the randomly selected areas. Most of thern were collected from the decayed woods in dead trees (usually in pine trees), but some were also collected from woodern walls, floors in houses, or in matured bed logs at the mushroom cultivating areas. Damage by this termite species were also observed by Kim and Hwang (1996) who investigated the insect pests of mushroom in the southern part of Korea. To control the termites, it is urgent to identify them and to conduct ecological study of termites. Thus, we firstly identified termites which were collected from the sampling areas including houses and mushrooms cultivating fields. All termite samples were identified as Reticulitermes speratus. However, there were several morphological differences among them according to the collected areas, and the samples were reexamined, identified and divided into subspecies as R. speratus kyushuensis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2017

Antioxidants are known to affect the feeding habits of termites and a good source is pine bark which contains high levels of antioxidants which can be extracted with neutral solvents. In this study procyanidins (PCs)-rich MeOH-extract and a hot-water extract (HWE) were prepared from Pinus radiata bark. HWE was further separated into crude PCs (CPCs), polymeric PCs (PPCs), and low-molecular-weight PCs (LMWPCs) fractions. The MeOH extract and these fractions were examined for termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar) antifeedant activities using a no-choice test. Catechin was used as a positive control. The LMWPCs was found to be the most effective deterrent to termite feeding. The comparative efficiency of the compounds tested were LMWPCs > PPCs > CPCs > MeOH extract, with the latter being more dependent on molecular weight than on its antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.745-754
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• 2020

The dye marker Sudan Red 7B was tested as an effective and appropriate marking method for searching the territory of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus, in Korea. The sensitivity of termites to the dye marker was evaluated by measuring the feed consumption amount, survival rate, retention time, and transfer efficiency of R. speratus according to the concentration and feeding period of Sudan Red 7B. As the concentration conditions of dye marker increase, Sudan Red 7B remarkably reduced the feed consumption of the termites. The survival rate was not significantly different from that of the control group (more than 90%), except when feed containing 1% or 2% concentrations of the dye marker was given for five days. The duration of the marking effect persisted for seven days, even at a concentration of 2% dye marker in the feed. No dye transfer by trophallaxis occurred between termites marked with Sudan Red 7B and unmarked termites.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권31호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2010

Wooden structures in Korea are usually damaged by some insects such as termites, wasps, cigarette beetles, powder-post beetles. Especially, the termites inhabiting in Korea are the subterranean termites, Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, that make colonies in underground, therefore it is difficult to predict and control substantial infestations in advance. Accordingly, to enable inspectors to locate the termite infestations before the extensive damage occurs, the pest management industry has begun using several elaborate tools and making the various effect to inspect areas hard to access through a visual inspection. Recently detector dogs were adopted as one of those tools. Detector dogs are useful for locating subterranean termites because they use their acute olfaction rather than vision. We also have used detector dogs to locate termites and investigated 270 buildings from 31 sites since 2007. According to the results, while 144 buildings (53.4%) were in good condition with no damage by termites, 80 buildings (29.6%) were found out to be damaged by termites through visual inspection and detector dog. So it is expected to control termites according to the conservation status if detector dogs are well trained to discriminate live termites from fecal pellets by termites.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.5-55
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• 2000

The cultural properties are damaged by various causes according to the characteristics of material, the condition of preservation, and the period of time. Especially, biodeterioration makes lots of damages in organic properties than inorganic ones. The damages of wooden cultural properties by insects usually are caused by the three orders; Isoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. As the result of investigation on the state of 141 buildings of wooden cultural properties in 1999, some of them were damaged by many kinds off actors; wasp, powder post beetle, cigarette beetle, termite, decay, and physical cracking. And it was found that the patterns of damages were related to species-specific habits of insects. There are several methods of pest control for the prevention of wooden cultural properties from damages caused by insects. Those are as follows; physical control, chemical control, biological control, and integrated pest management. When insects and fungi were detected at the wooden buildings, the fumigation is best treatment to stop biodeterioration. And then, wood materials also need to be treated with insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals to avoid a reinfestation, because the fumigant is volatile. The six commercial chemicals which are applied to the insecticidal and antiseptic treatment of wooden cultural properties were purchased to test their abilities. According to the comparative results of efficacy of them in laboratory, chemical D showed excellent efficacy in all items, including antiseptic and termiticidal items. The goal of these pest controls is to protect wooden buildings from insects and microorganisms. The most effective method used currently is chemical control(fumigation, insecticidal and anticeptic chemical treatment), but it has to be treated periodically to control pest effectively. Recently environmentally-friendly control methods such as bait system or biological treatments are replacing traditional barrier treatments using large amounts of chemicals. Especially, termite is a social insect which makes a colony. Although a building with fumigation treatment is safe for a while, once attacked building has a risk of damage by reinfestation of termite. Therefore, to control termites from damaged building, the entire colony including reproductives(queen and king) and larvae around buildings must beeliminated. Bait system can be used as a preventive measure in early detection of them through termites colony monitoring and baiting. It would be the most effective for termite control if bait system would be used together with the chemical controls.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2023

한국의 목조건축문화유산은 상당수가 산림에 인접하여 흰개미에 의한 피해에 취약하다. 국내 흰개미 방제법은 살충제 접촉을 통한 화학적 방제법이 주로 이용되며, 방제 기간을 단축하기 위해서는 흰개미를 빠르게 약제까지 유인시킬 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 한국 서식 흰개미에 대한 유인물질로 이산화탄소를 선정하여 유인여부 및 적절한 유인농도를 탐색하였으며, 지중 환경에서의 유인효력 기초평가를 진행하였다. 평가를 통해 흰개미에 대한 이산화탄소의 유인 효과를 확인하였으며, 이산화탄소 농도 10% 이하의 유효한 범위를 선정하였다. 또한 지중에서의 유인 효과를 확인함으로써 지중 환경에서의 적용 가능성을 파악하였다. 향후 현장에서 이산화탄소의 적용방안을 연구함으로써, 목조건축문화유산의 흰개미 방제 시 개선된 방제 효과를 가질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.387-393
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• 2015

기후변화에 따라 다양한 생물종에 의한 목조문화재의 피해는 점차 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 미생물에 의한 부후와 곤충 종에 의한 생물피해는 목조문화재의 외형적인 변화와 구조적인 문제점의 원인으로도 알려져 있다. 목조문화재는 오랜 세월을 거치면서 풍화되고 손상되는 현상이 발생하는데, 이러한 물리적, 환경적 요인 뿐 만 아니라 흰개미라는 목재 가해 곤충에 의해서도 심각한 위협을 받을 수 있다. 전라남도, 전라북도, 그리고 제주도에 있는 목조문화재를 중심으로 흰개미의 서식 실태와 건물의 내 외부 환경에 대하여 조사하였다. 조사 결과 거주하면서 난방시설이 설비되어 있는 건축물과 비거주하면서 난방시설이 구비되어있지 않는 목조건축물들의 온도, 습도, 함수율에서 차이를 보였다. 이는 사람이 활동하는 건축물일수록 온도는 높지만, 습도와 함수율은 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이로 인하여 흰개미와 같은 목부재를 가해하는 곤충들의 서식 조건에 변화를 주는 요인으로 작용 하는 것으로 사료된다. 목조문화재 흰개미 피해 조사는 대상 문화재와 주변 서식환경 조사를 병행하여 실시하고 화학적 방제방법을 제시하는 것과 함께, 건축물의 난방 설비, 거주 유무, 주기적 관리 방법 등 친환경적으로 관리할 수 있는 방제방안도 함께 제시하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2008

서울시 내에 소재한 현재까지 이용되고 있는 목조건물에 대한 열화 조사를 실시하였다. 조사된 목조건물은 겨울철임에도 흰개미에 의한 피해가 진행되고 있었다. 목조건물의 흰개미 피해 실태 및 원인을 조사하기 위하여 초음파에 의한 비파괴 방법을 적용하였으며, 환경적 열화요인 조사에는 적외선 카메라를 사용하였다. 비파괴 검사를 통한 기둥부재의 내구성을 조사한 결과 일부 기둥 부재에서는 심각한 강도적 손실이 발견되어 교체가 필요하였다. 조사된 목조건물은 사람이 생활하기 위하여 현대식 난방설비를 설치한 곳으로서 전통적인 목조건물 내부에 난방시스템이 설치됨으로써 연중 비교적 균일한 온도대의 형성 그리고 바닥재에 의한 결로발생으로 인한 수분 제공이 흰개미의 피해가 발생되는 원인으로 작용하게 되었다. 조사한 목조건물의 흰개미는 일본흰개미, Reticulitermes speratus로 동정되었다. 목조건물은 주위환경에 따라서 많은 영향을 받으므로 환경 조절을 통하여 생물열화를 방지할 수 있는 유지 관리 기술이 필요하였다. 전통건물 내 현대식 시설의 설치는 전통목조건물의 특징을 잘 살리고 내구성에 영향이 없는 시설의 설치가 바람직하다고 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.70-86
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• 2024

Termites are a serious threat to wood-based products in Indonesia. This study investigated the termite resistant property of glulam made from polystyrene-modified wood. Three tropical fast-growing wood species, namely mangium (Acacia mangium), manii (Maesopsis eminii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), were prepared for flat-sawn laminae. After getting air-dried condition, the laminae were impregnated with polystyrene using potassium peroxydisulphate as a catalyst followed by polymerization at 80℃. Polystyrene-impregnated and control glued-laminated lumbers (glulams) were manufactured, and solid wood was provided. Three wood species and three wood products with six replicates were exposed in a field in Bogor, Indonesia, for four months, and before the tests, their density and moisture content were measured. At the end of the field tests, the weight loss and protection levels of each test sample were determined. A completely randomized factorial design was used for data analysis. The weight percentage gains for mangium, manii, and rubberwood were 22.30%, 18.22%, and 10.44%, respectively. The results showed that manii belonged to low-density wood, whereas the other two woods were medium-density wood, and the moisture content was the ambient moisture content, typical of the Bogor area. Regarding weight loss and protection level, mangium was the most durable against subterranean termite attacks, followed by rubberwood and manii. Among the wood products, the polystyrene-impregnated glulam presented the highest durability, followed by the control glulam and solid wood. Therefore, mangium and rubberwood polystyrene-impregnated glulams are recommended for future product development.