• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Yuza seed by-product has been produced in a large amount from the agricultural farms in the southern area of Korea. It has been mostly abandoned after commercial process for the production of juice, jam and tea. The study on the reuse of the yuza seed by-product has received much attention as a bio-resource material for the production of active compound in agriculture. METHODS AND RESULTS: Insecticidal rhamnolipid-producing Pseudomonas sp. EP-3 was grown in mineral salt media with the yuza seed by-product at 2, 20, 50 and 100 g/L. The growth of EP-3 was accompanied by a increase in insecticidal activity against green peach aphid. The highest insecticidal activity was observed when EP-3 was grown in the medium containing 50 g/L of the seed sample, producing approximately 996 mg/L of rhamnolipid at 96 h. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were determined as the major fatty acids of the seed sample. The EP-3 cultures grown on the fatty acid mixture extracted from the seed sample showed a aphid mortality similar to that of cultures grown on the seed sample. The EP-3 cultures grown on 50 g/L of the seed sample showed aphid mortality more than 90% under greenhouse conditions. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the yuza seed by-product may be used as a renewable material for microbial production of rhamnolipid against green peach aphid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.958-965
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of green tea seed shell as an industrial byproduct. Green tea seed shell extract (GTSSE) was obtained by ethanol extraction, and the yield was $1.4{\pm}0.22%$. The radical scavenging activities [1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, and reducing power of GTSSE dose-dependently increased. To estimate the neuroprotective effect of GTSSE, viability was tested in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. GTSSE treatment induced cytotoxicity at a concentration higher than $100{\mu}g/mL$ but not at a concentration lower than $50{\mu}g/mL$. Using this optimal concentration range, GTSSE treatment significantly increased cell viability in $H_2O_2$-treated HT22 cells. Further, GTSSE treatment increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased the malonaldehyde level, a product of lipid peroxidation, in HT22 cells. Therefore, these results indicate that green tea seed shell extract may be useful for the development of antioxidant materials and have potential activity to prevent and treat neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.318-323
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• 2017

While manufacturing blended tea, the temperature for pan-firing Rhus verniciflua seed (RVS) is important. The pan-firing duration was fixed to 15 minutes according to a sensory test. We then prepared four types of blended teas with varied ratios of RVS; all the four types showed similar pH, $^{\circ}Bx$, and hunter's color values with no significant difference. According to the sensory test, A-type tea blended with RVS was the most preferred. The antioxidant activity of A-type blended tea was evaluated during storage. The changes in the total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays were monitored during storage at 4, 25, and $40^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. After 28 days of storage, values for total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were similar to the initial values. Moreover, microbial growth was not observed during that period.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1724-1734
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• 2010

A phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides rhizosphere was identified as Rahnella sp. based on its phenotypic features and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The bacterial strain showed the growth characteristics of a cold-adapted psychrotroph, with the multiple plant growth-promoting traits of inorganic and organic phosphate solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase activity, ammonia generation, and siderophore production. The strain also produced indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, indole-3-acetamide, indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-lactic acid, and indole-3-pyruvic acid in tryptophan-supplemented nutrient broth. Gluconic, citric and isocitric acids were the major organic acids detected during tricalcium phosphate solubilization. A rifampicin-resistant mutant of the strain exhibited high rhizosphere competence without disturbance to the resident microbial populations in pea rhizosphere. Seed bacterization with a charcoal-based inoculum significantly increased growth in barley, chickpea, pea, and maize under the controlled environment. Microplot testing of the inoculum at two different locations in pea also showed significant increase in growth and yield. The attributes of cold-tolerance, high rhizosphere competence, and broad-spectrum plant growth-promoting activity exhibited the potential of Rahnella sp. BIHB 783 for increasing agriculture productivity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.289-293
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• 2003

Antioxidant activity and nicotine degradation activity (NDA) of 21 medicinal herbs were determined by using a 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and a PLC/PRF5 human liver cell line method, respectively, to develop an anti-smoking aid. The highest and lowest antioxidant activities represented by $IC_{50}$/ value were 30 $\mu$g/mL of Eugenia caryophyllus and 3,270 $\mu$g/mL of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Eugenia caryophyllus was equal to 38.0$\pm$1.2 mg VCEAC(vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity)/ g herb. The highest and lowest NDA values were 1.81 of Astrgalus membranaceus Bunge and 1.01 of Raphani seed and Lespedeza tomentosa Sieb, respectively. Eleven medicinal herbs with high antioxidant activity and/or NDA were selected to make an herbal tea. The herbal tea had high antioxidant activity (50 $\mu$g/mL $IC_{50}$/ and 22.4$\pm$1.4 mgVCEAC/g) and NDA (1.243). The medicinal herb tea could help smokers quitting smoking by degrading and exhausting nicotine accumulated in body and removing reactive oxygen species.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2016

The study was carried out to examine the anti-obesity effects of 40% ethanol extract from green tea seed (GS) and quantitative determination of caffeine as its major compound. The specificity was satisfied with retention time and UV spectrum by analysis of caffeine using HPLC and comparison with standard compound. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (R²) of 0.9974. The amount of caffeine in GS was about 4.649 mg/g (0.465%) in the three times analysis, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 0.452% by the validated method. The anti-obesity effects of GS were evaluated by using Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and body weight, visceral fat and lipid profiles in high fat diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6 obese mice. Our results indicated that treatment with GS dose-dependently decreased lipid accumulation contents (p<0.001). Moreover, after oral administration for 30 days feeding with HFD-induced obses mice, GS (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) produced a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and visceral fat. Thus, the result of this study indicate that the GS may be a useful resource for the management of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.525-533
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• 2015

The effect of the hot water extract of defatted green tea seed cake (GTSE) on lipid metabolism and the underlying mechanisms of lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated. In this study, we found that the naringenin content of GTSE was 5.5 mg/g; however, catechins were not detected. The intracellular lipid droplets were stained with Oil Red O dye and quantified. Compared to the control, lipid accumulation was significantly decreased by 52%, and intracellular triglyceride (TG) level was reduced by 33% after treatment with GTSE at a concentration of $40{\mu}g/mL$. To determine the mechanism of reduction in TG content, we determined the level of fatty acid synthase (FAS), phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in the cell model. Incubation of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes with GTSE stimulated AMPK and ACC phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of FAS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.635-641
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• 2011

Anti-atherogenic effects in tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are involved with suppressed oxidative stress, cell adhesion molecules, and pro-inflammatory factors. The aim of this study was to determine whether green tea seed coat ethyl acetate fraction (GTSCE) could modulate cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in HUVEC stimulated with TNF-${\alpha}$. Nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly increased in TNF-${\alpha}$-stimulated HUVEC compared to TNF-${\alpha}$ only treated cells. The NO that is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase dilates blood vessels and has protective effects against platelet and leucocyte adhesion. GTSCE at 25, 50, 75, and $100\;{\mu}g$/mL significantly (p<0.05) reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ production. GTSCE significantly (p<0.05) inhibited soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 level, in a dose-dependent manner. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 level was also significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by GTSCE treatment at $75\;{\mu}g$/mL compared to the TNF-${\alpha}$-only treated group. Total antioxidant capacity by GTSCE was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced compared to the TNF-${\alpha}$-only treated group. These results suggest that GTSCE can inhibit the production of cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators and could be used as a candidate bioactive material to prevent the development of atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of green tea seed extract (GSE) against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts. GSE was first analyzed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Treatment of UV-irradiated fibroblast with GSE at 10~50 ${\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. GSE treatment inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) expression and MMP-1 secretion caused by UVB irradiation. Moreover, treatment with GSE significantly increased type-1 collagen expression and production. We next examined levels of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, catalase, and GPx). Reduced antioxidative enzyme activities caused by UVB irradiation were recovered by treatment with GSE at 30 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. In conclusion, these results show that GSE has protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts by regulating antioxidative defense systems and MMP expression.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.50-52
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• 2003

Mulberry containing many bioactive components is very useful as functional food resource. Mulberry leaf ice cream, mulberry leaf tea, mulberry noodle, mulberry fruit jam, mulberry wine etc. have been developed in Korea. Because mulberry fruit has abundant natural pigments belonging to anthocyanins, we can expect their therapeutic and physiological effects. However, there are few reports about mulberry seed. So we studied on fatty acids of mulberry seed for the purpose of increasing the functional utilization of mulberry fruit. (omitted)