• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 2013

Insect pests damages are increasing on the field of Lycium chinense under environment- friendly management Thus, we was to monitor the occurrence of pests on organic L. chinense in Chungnam Cheongyang and, insecticidal effect of eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were tested against major pests. When the buds come out, injury by L. chinense was very high causing the high population density of Myzus persicae in late May and early June, and the injury by Lema decempunctata was increased from mid-June. Otherwise, injuries by Eriophys macrodonis, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata and Hedma spp. were continued throughout the growing season. From the fruit held in late July, Hemipteran insects including Plautia stali and Halyomorpba balys were sucking the fruit, and their injury to L. chinense were gradually increased. For the eco-friendly environmental control of M. persicae, L. decempunctata and E. macrodonis, EFAMs containing Sophora flavescens, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican tea), Quassia amara (Amargo), Stemona sessilifolia, Sophora seeds and Nepeta cataria (Catmint), were selected and used to control the insect pests. Control effects of the mixed extract with S. flavescens and Sophora seeds against M. persicae and L. decempunctata were higher than any other EFAM as 84.0% and 86.6%, respectively. In case of E. macrodonis, its control effect was good with the mixed extract with S. flavescens, C. ambrosioides and M. azedarach.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2012

Recently, one of the critical issues in the etching processes of the nanoscale devices is to achieve ultra-high aspect ratio contact (UHARC) profile without anomalous behaviors such as sidewall bowing, and twisting profile. To achieve this goal, the fluorocarbon plasmas with major advantage of the sidewall passivation have been used commonly with numerous additives to obtain the ideal etch profiles. However, they still suffer from formidable challenges such as tight limits of sidewall bowing and controlling the randomly distorted features in nanoscale etching profile. Furthermore, the absence of the available plasma simulation tools has made it difficult to develop revolutionary technologies to overcome these process limitations, including novel plasma chemistries, and plasma sources. As an effort to address these issues, we performed a fluorocarbon surface kinetic modeling based on the experimental plasma diagnostic data for silicon dioxide etching process under inductively coupled C4F6/Ar/O2 plasmas. For this work, the SiO2 etch rates were investigated with bulk plasma diagnostics tools such as Langmuir probe, cutoff probe and Quadruple Mass Spectrometer (QMS). The surface chemistries of the etched samples were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer. To measure plasma parameters, the self-cleaned RF Langmuir probe was used for polymer deposition environment on the probe tip and double-checked by the cutoff probe which was known to be a precise plasma diagnostic tool for the electron density measurement. In addition, neutral and ion fluxes from bulk plasma were monitored with appearance methods using QMS signal. Based on these experimental data, we proposed a phenomenological, and realistic two-layer surface reaction model of SiO2 etch process under the overlying polymer passivation layer, considering material balance of deposition and etching through steady-state fluorocarbon layer. The predicted surface reaction modeling results showed good agreement with the experimental data. With the above studies of plasma surface reaction, we have developed a 3D topography simulator using the multi-layer level set algorithm and new memory saving technique, which is suitable in 3D UHARC etch simulation. Ballistic transports of neutral and ion species inside feature profile was considered by deterministic and Monte Carlo methods, respectively. In case of ultra-high aspect ratio contact hole etching, it is already well-known that the huge computational burden is required for realistic consideration of these ballistic transports. To address this issue, the related computational codes were efficiently parallelized for GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) computing, so that the total computation time could be improved more than few hundred times compared to the serial version. Finally, the 3D topography simulator was integrated with ballistic transport module and etch reaction model. Realistic etch-profile simulations with consideration of the sidewall polymer passivation layer were demonstrated.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.529-540
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze experiments for the rules of material change unit in 9th grade science textbooks and develop experiments applying small-scale chemistry (SSC). For this study, experimental methods for the precipitation experiment, water electrolysis experiment, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide experiment presented in the 9 science textbooks were analyzed. Problems and improvements that were needed were extracted by 13 science teachers performing the experiments. Experiments applying SSC were developed based on the improvements needed. Afterwards, 19 pre-service science teachers performed both the developed SSC experiments and the science textbooks' experiments. A questionnaire about merits and demerits of the experiments applying SSC was performed. According to the results of this study, most of the 9th grade science textbooks included the lead iodide precipitation experiment, water electrolysis experiment by Hoffman voltameter, and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide experiment using catalytic manganese dioxide. Improvements were needed on the quantity of reagents, time for performing experiments, and scale of experimental apparatus. Merits of the developed experiments applying SSC which used small amount of reagents were safety, easy waste material disposal, short reaction time, and reproducible experimental results. Demerits of the experiments applying SSC were difficulty in observing, decreased achievement, and lack of skill in handling small-scale apparatus. Therefore, if the experiments developed applying SSC were to be utilized in 9th grade science experiments, it will be possible to use less reagent and be able to teach and carry out reproducible experiments at the same time. Also, the reproducible experiments based on SSC will help students under stand the scientific concepts for the rules of material change unit.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to understand the experiment for measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation and to develop experiments applying small-scale chemistry. For this study, the experimental method for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were classified by their experimental methods of confirming production. Subsequently, problems observed in carrying out the experiments for measuring chemical reaction rates by precipitate formation frequently presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were analyzed. Experiments applying small-scale chemistry were developed measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation. According to the result of this study, there were some problems in the experimental method of precipitate formation for measuring chemical reaction rates presented in the high school science textbooks. Those problems in the science textbook experiments were insufficient specification of mixing methods of reaction solutions, obscurity of knowing when the character letter X disappeared, time delay in collecting the experimental data, formation of hazardous sulfur dioxide, uneasiness of fixing water bath container, controlling the reaction temperature, and low reproducibility. Those problems were solved by developing experiments applying smallscale chemistry. Presenting the procedure of mixing reaction solutions on the A4 reaction paper sheet made the experimental procedure clearly, using well plates and stem pipette shortened the reaction time and made it possible to continuously collect the experimental data. Furthermore, the quantity of hazardous sulfur dioxide was reduced 1/7 times and the time when the character letter X disappeared could be observed clearly. Since experiments for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates could be performed in 30 minutes, the developing experiments applying SSC would help students understand the scientific concepts on the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates with enough time for experimental data analysis and discussion.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1997

Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed in Holstein heifers once weekly with or without pretreatment of single or multiple decreasing doses using a total of 400 mg FSH. Oocytes were aspirated with a 6.5 MHz convex-array ultrasound trasducer designed for intravaginal use. All the visible follicles larger than 4 mm in diameter were punctured with a 17 gauge, 55 cm needle at each aspiration session and the follicular fluids containing oocytes were obtained by vacuum suction. The results obtained were as follows: As a preliminary experiment, the recovery rates of folicular oocytes by ultrasound-guided aspiration from the isolated ovaries of Korean native cows were compared between suction methods using manual syringe or vacuum pump. The recovery rate of oocytes using vacuum pump (80.7%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that using manual syringe (47.1%). The follicles were counted by their size in diameter with ultrasound image, and recovery rates and grades of follicular oocytes collected by ultrasound-guided aspiration were investigated in Holstein heifers pretreated with or without FSH. A group of heifiers were injected with multiple decreasing doses (twice a day for 3 days) of a total of 400 mg FSH. The other 2 groups were injected with a single dose of 400 mg FSH mixed with 25% PVP. Ultrasound observation of follicle population and/or ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte aspiration were performed 12 hrs following the last FSH injection in the multiple dose group, and 48 or 60 hrs after FSH injection in the single dose groups. Most of the visible follicles had small size of less than 3 mm in diameter in unstimulated heifers (71.0%), but medium size in all the heifers treated with FSH. (70.5 to 92.8%). The number of OPU follicles per session (4.6$\pm$1.9) were much less, compared to the vilsible follicle counts (9.7$\pm$2.2), in the nustimulated heifers due to the small dominant follicles. Among 4 goups of heifers the most visible as well as OPU follicles were observed in the heifers at 60 hrs following treatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH (21.2$\pm$2.3 and 21.0$\pm$2.0), and the differences in both the follicle counts between the groups was found significant (P<0.05) The rates of oocyte recovery from the follicles by ultrasound-guilded aspiration were varied 46.3 to 75.0% in the heifers unstimulated and treated with a single dose of 400 mg FSH, but the group difference was not significant. The number of recovered oocytes per session a, pp.ared to be highest at aspiration at 60 hrs following single FSH (10.6$\pm$2.2) than at aspiration at 48 hrs after single FSH (7.8$\pm$2.7) or in the unstimulated heifers (3.4$\pm$3.0). The proportion of grade I and II oocytes to all oocytes collected was varied 31.8 to 64.0% between the groups. However, there was found no significant difference in both the number of oocytes recovered per session and the percentage and the percentage of grade I and II oocytes. From the above results it was concluded that the more oocytes of superior quality might be recovered economically by ultrasound-guided aspiration at 60 hrs following the pretreatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH and by suction using a vacuum pump system of about negative pressure of 75 to 85 mmHg.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.305-311
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• 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of mixed Makgeolli with barley and wheats under, fermentation at different temperatures (20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and time (3, 6, and 9 days). The pH and sugar of mixed Makgeolli were 3.68~4.26 and $12.30{\sim}17.31^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. The total acidity showed proportionate increase with fermentation temperature and time; whereas, reducing sugar contents decreased with increasing fermentation temperature and time. The alcohol contents of mixed Makgeolli varied significantly by fermentation temperature and time (p<0.05). In terms of color values, the L value decreased with increasing fermentation temperatures, and a value increased significantly with increasing fermentation time. The number of microorganisms (yeast, total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria) in mixed Makgeolli decreased progressively with increasing fermentation temperature and time. Among the organic acids (citric, lactic, malic, and pyruvic acids) in mixed Makgeolli, citric and lactic acid was present at the highest concentrations. From these results, the optimum fermentation conditions of mixed Makgeolli with barley and wheat were $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ for 6 days.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.730-737
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• 2006

High performance liquid chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of 12 biogenic amines were developed and contents of biogenic amines in 23 varieties of Korean commercial fermented food were analyzed. Dansyl derivatives of biogenic amine were very stable and had good peak resolution. Except agmatine, the recovery of biogenic amines from soybean paste with extraction of 0.1 N HC1 added biogenic amines to soybean paste was greater 85%. The calibration curve showed good linearity over a concentration range up to 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. In the determination of biogenic amine level in Korean commercial fermented foods, doenjang and chungkukjang (fermented soybean pastes), soy sauce, anchovy and pacific sand lance liquid jeotkal (fermented fish sauce products), and cabbage kimchi had high level biogenic amines. Especially, traditional doenjang had a histamine (HIS) level of 952.0 mg/kg, a tyramine (TYR) level of 1,430.7 mg/kg. Most cheese had low level of biogenic amines, but one Gouda cheese had a tyramine (TYR) level of 97.5 mg/kg. A low level of biogenic amines was detected in wines, beer, yoghurt, and sausage. Putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), tryptamine (TRY), histamine (HIS), tyramine (TYR), and 2-phenylethylamine (PHE) were mainly formed in fermented foods by the action of microorganism, so their levels were high with a range. On the other hand, spermidine (SPD), spermine(SPM), serotonin (SER), noradrenaline (NOR), and dopamine (DOP) were formed originally via biosynthesis with consequent low level.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine application possibility of mulberry (Morus alba) silage as a functional feed in feeding management of Korean native cattle for high quality beef production by analysing active components and antioxidative activity. The chemical analysis of mulberry silage indicates that the content of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and crude ash was $28.41{\pm}3.12%,\;12.43{\pm}0.28%,\;2.47{\pm}0.18%,\;20.29{\pm}0.75%\;and\;6.98{\pm}0.12%$, respectively. The content of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), which is representative active ingredient of mulberry and blood sugar descending component, was 0.568 mg/g and the content of $\gamma$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is blood pressure descending component, was 5,936.22 pmol. Mulberry silage used in this study did not contain flavonoids but did contain total phenols for 21.69 ${\mu}g/mg$. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was increased with increasing the concentration of mulberry silage extracts and there was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was also increased with increasing the concentration of silage extracts. Alkyl radical scavenging activity was high at the low concentration of silage extracts, which was above 50% of scavenging activity at the concentration of 0.125 mg/ml. The result of this study indicated that there was high possibility of mulberry silage as a functional feed for beef cattle.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

Soil erosion at Jawoon-Ri in Hongcheon highland is one of serious problems since saprolite piling on farmland has been typically practiced at 2-3 year's intervals. The objective of the case study was to survey management practices such as tillage, application of saprolite, and cultivating crops and to propose best management practices (BMP) to reduce soil loss in Jawoon-Ri, Hongcheon-Gun. Jawoon-Ri is located in the upper stream of Naerinchun. Upland areas of Jawoon 2 and 4Ri were 206.9 and 142.3 hectare, respectively. Estimation of soil loss in this study was based on USLE (Universal soil loss equation). Annual averaged soil losses were 15.6 MT per hectare in Jawoon-2Ri and 9.0 MT per hectare in Jawoon-4Ri, respectively. This case study tried to find methods to reduce soil erosion below tolerant soil loss level which is $11MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Estimated soil losses in more than 40% of uplands in Jawoon-2Ri and 4Ri were higher than tolerant soil loss level. Especially, edge of uplands undergone excessive soil erosion by concentrated runoff water. Therefore consolidation of upland edge was included as one of the proposed Best management practices BMP). The proposed BMP in this area were buffer strips, contour and mulching, diversion drain channel, grassed water-way, detour watet-way and cover crops and so on. Amounts for BMP requirements were 7,680 m for buffer strips, 123 ha (35%) for contour and mulching, 201 ha (57%) for diversion drain channel, 13,880 m for grassed water-way, 3,860 m for detour drainage, 8,365 m for sloping side consolidation and 3,492 ha for cover crops, respectively. Application of BMP are urgently needed in uplands which is direct conjunction with stream.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1340-1347
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• 2006

Purpose : The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of polymorphic cytosine adenine (CA) repeat of the IGF-I gene in the age-related alterations of serum IGF-I levels in healthy children. Methods : Two hundred and forty three normal healthy children (136 boys; 107 girls) aged between 7 and 15 years were enrolled in the present study. The primers were designed to cover the promoter regions containing the polymorphic CA repeat. Data were analyzed using GeneMapper software, version 3.7. All analyses were performed using MEDCALC software packages. Results: Deletion of 2 bp (G, A) following 3' of CA repeat were observed in all Korean children. The CA repeat sequences ranged from 17 to 23, and 19 CA repeat were the most common with an alleles frequency of 39.3 percent. Considering genotypes, 63.8 percent of subjects were homozygote or heterozygote for 19 CA repeat (192 bp allele), suggesting that this is wild type allele from which all other alleles originated in Korean children. Homozygote for 19 CA repeat were 14.7 percent, heterozygote for 19 CA repeat was 49.1 percent and 19 CA noncarriers totalled 36.2 percent. In 19 CA repeat noncarriers, the mean height, weight and serum IGF-I level were lower compared with those of 19 CA homozygous carriers, but statistically not significant. Correlations between serum IGF-I level and age according to the IGF-I genotypes revealed statistically significant relationships in the all groups, in the 19 CA repeat carrier group and, even in the noncarrier group. Conclusions : There were no significant differences of the mean height, weight and serum IGF-I levels among three different genotype groups. Also, there were no significantly different correlations between 19 CA repeat polymorphisms and serum IGF-I levels, according to genotype. Our results suggest that the IGF-I 19 CA repeat gene polymorphism is not associated with circulating IGF-I levels in healthy children.