• The Journal of Korean Institute for Practical Engineering Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

In this paper, as a new educational cooperation model, seeking the problems and the directions of progress on GPOE(Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education)'s innovational education district project, recognizing the various points of issue of SVHS(specialized vocational high schools) faced now, suggesting the contents and standards of the program as measures of enhancing competitiveness of SVHS, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of project of innovational education district and finding the plans for progress. According to the result of the advanced study and analysis, it shows that the aid as well as the supporting object of helping the SVHS's students find a job don't reach a certain level. As the aid supports across the general elementary and secondary schools, it tends to show much more emotional software-based support required by elementary school, middle school and general high school as universal education welfare rather than hardware-based support required by SVHS. Despite the competent evaluation on the survey about the supporting method from SVHS's parents teachers and students, the survey includes that teachers who ask the balancing support are increasing, some students suspect its effect of education and some parents as a residential position ask the regional growth rather than education So there are a lot of confusions among the teachers, students and parents yet. To overcome these problems, we ensure the internal stability of local education community and GPOE and local government get out large scale constructions with trust and belief to make a revolution of public education in supporting the administrative task and finance and to accomplish the program that best suits our SVHS's state to be supported without dividing educational software and hardware, should reflect the demand of field by for expert group being built and attended when build the local revolution community. Also plan to make full use of local human and property infrastructure should be added. To this end, as programs to build a pool of guest lecturers are provided to teachers who carry out innovative education programs, we seek the reformations to give students opportunities to widen participation in other school programs.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to provide reference to functional level of sensory integration of in the low-grads school age, based on the Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS) and to examine correlation between the function of sensory integration and academic achievement. Method : Two schools ("J" and "S") have been selected indiscriminately among 56 elementary schools located in Gimhae-si, GyeongNam and then one class from each school was voluntarily chosen among all second-grade classes of the schools. The total number of students in those two classes was 69 (34 boys and 35 girls). Subjects had no developmental problem and no history of referral regarding neurological conditions. Three skilled researchers administrated the COMPS together, and each researcher executed two sub-items of the COMPS. As result of the academic achievement, score data of midterm- and final-exam in the spring semester were collected. The scores of 'Korean language' and 'Math', common examination subjects in both schools, were utilized for data analysis in this study. Results : Statically, there was no significant correlation between the COMPS Weighted Scores and any academic achievements. In a dispersion graphic analysis, however, the total achievement showed significant negative-correlation with the area of 'Rapid Forearm Rotation' and significant positive-correlation with the area of 'Supine Flexion'. In terms of the Math achievement, there are significant negative-correlation with rapid forearm rotation and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, and significant positive-correlation with the area of 'Supine Flexion'. Students with higher score of the Korean language showed a tendency to get higher Weighted Score and Minus Adjustment Score, and those with lower score of the Math showed a tendency to get higher COMPS scores in all area except the area of 'Supine Flexion'. There was a statically significant difference in the COMPS scores depend on the age among general characteristics. As student older, all COMPS scores, except those in the area of 'Slow Motion' and 'Supine Flexion, were higher. Conclusions : There is somehow reliable correlation between sensory integration function and academic achievement although no statistical significance found in this study. The information from this study may contribute to initiate developing a normative-reference to screen earlier and more alertly sensory integration dysfunctions for school-age children. Further study is recommended trying to find out more reliable matter regarding low grade- schooler's academic achievement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Purpose: Teeth are generally exposed when people smiling. Moreover, the exposed teeth and soft tissue when smiling becomes an important guideline for esthetically prosthetic restoration. This research is to compare and find out differences of Korean young men's smile living in presence and twenty years ago. Materials and methods: Subjects, 100 young men (50 male and 50 female), were required about several aspects; normally developed physical condition, no psychological or genetic disorders, a fine face with no loss of teeth, no experience in orthodontic or prosthetic treatment, relatively normal occlusion, aged between 20-29. The photos of the subject at rest position and front face when fully smiled were taken three times. 100 photos (50 male and 50 female) were chosen at random from the 240 university students' smile photos taken by Yoon and his colleagues in 1991. By Hulsey's method of measuring smile, several factors; the change of upper lip curvature, the change of the relation between the upper lip and teeth, parallelism between Mx. incisor and lower lip, contact relation between Mx. incisor and lower lip and teeth displayed in a smile, were measured and analyzed. Meanwhile, ten dentists assessed aesthetic evaluation about men and women's smile for twice and recorded and compared smile score. The -test (P<.05) was used to compare the measured value. The difference of smile score was analyzed by t-test (P<.05). Results: The smile score calculated in 2011 (60.22) was higher than that of 1991 (52.80). Among five measurement categories, the noticeable difference was distinguished from two factors; the change of upper lip curvature and contact relation between Mx. incisor and lower lip. Conclusion: The Korean young men's smile has been considerably improved for twenty years. And it is found that the change of upper lip curvature plays an important role, that is, the smile formed with an ascended labial commissure has been increased significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1552-1559
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• 2013

Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) has been used as one of the Korean traditional medicines for prostate health. In addition, recent studies have reported that RCM reduced chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of unripe and ripe RCM on inflammationrelated gene expressions in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mice were fed with 2% unripe RCM (U2), 10% unripe RCM (U10), 2% ripe RCM (R2), and 10% ripe RCM (R10) for 8 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and stimulated with LPS then proinflammatory mediators (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) productions were assessed. Moreover, gene expression profiles were analyzed by cDNA microarray method. Unripe and ripe RCM significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ production but only unripe RCM decreased IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production. RCM intake significantly reduced inflammatory-related gene expressions such as arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, interleukin 11, and nitric oxide synthase 2. Furthermore, unripe and ripe RCM significantly decreased ceruloplasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombospondin 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression which modulates symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases. RCM intake also significantly increased hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha which is the negative regulators of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Furthermore, only unripe RCM reduced chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14, and phospholipase A2 expression. In this study, we showed that RCM had anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator expressions and may reduce chronic inflammatory disease progress through regulation of gene expressions. These findings suggest that RCM might be used as a potential functional material to reduce chronic inflammatory responses.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Cathepsin D, an aspartic lysosomal proteinase, is believed to be involved in local invasion and metastasis of tumor cells by its proteolytic activity and has been described to be associated with tumor progression and prognosis in some human malignancies including breast cancer. But, its prognostic value for human lung cancer remains to be determined. The purpose of this study is to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cathepsin D expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Method : Using a polyclonal antibody, immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin D was performed on paraffin embedded sections of tumors obtained surgically from 54 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (37 squamous cell carcinoma, 14 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma). Results : Eighteen patients (33.3%) showed positive immunoreactivities of cathepsin D in tumor cells. No significant correlation of cathepsin D expression in tumor cells was found in p-stage (surgical-pathologic stage), tumor size, tumor factor, nodal involvement, and differentiation. Of 54 patients, 29 (53.7%) patients showed moderate to massive cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues, while the rest (46.3%) showed few cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues. Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung canær (p=0.031). No significant correlation of the degree of cathepsin D-positive stromal cells was found in tumor size, T -factor, nodal involvement, differentiation Cathepsin D expression status in tumor cells and stromal cells was not significantly associated with prognosis expressed by survival rate. The results of multivariate analyses of variables possibly associated with prognosis showed that nodal involvement was the only independent prognostic factor in all patients. Conclusion : Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it was not related to other clinicopathologic features and prognosis, and Cathepsin D expression in tumor was not related to p-stage and prognosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

Background : The resurgence of tuberculosis and the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis have emphasized the importance of rapid and accurate diagnostic procedures. Recently, the oligonucleotide chip has proven to be a useful tool in the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to rapidly and accurately detect specific mutations in the rpoB, katG and rpsL genes associated with rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin resistance in M. tuberculosis, respectively, using a single oligonucleotide chip. Method : For detection of drug-resistance, 7 wild-type and 13 mutant-type probes for rifampin, 2 wild-type and 3 mutant-type probes for isoniazid, and 2 wild-type and 2 mutant-type probes for streptomycin were designed and spotted onto glass slides. Fifty-five cultured samples of M. tuberculosis were amplified by PCR, and then underwent hybridization and scanning. Direct sequencing was done to verify the results from the oligonucleotide chip and to analyze the types of mutations. Result : Thirty-five cases out of 40 rifampin-resistant strains(~88%) had mutations in the rpoB gene. One case had a new mutation(D516F, GAC R TTC) and another known mutation together. Twenty cases out of 42 isoniazid-resistant strains(~50%) had mutations in the katG gene, while 7 cases out of 9 streptomycin-resistant strains(~78%) had mutations in the rpsL gene. From these results, the oligonucleotide chip was confirmed to be able to detect the most frequent mutations from the genes associated with rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin resistance. The results proved that the drug-resistance detection probes were specific. When the results from the oligonucleotide chip and DNA sequencing were compared, the types of mutations were exactly matched. Conclusion : The diagnostic oligonucleotide chip with mutation specific probes for drug resistance is a very reliable and useful tool for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug resistance against rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin in M. tuberculosis infections.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-87
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify pediatric nurses's knowledge related to children's pain and pediatric nurses' career including educational experience and to examine whether there is a difference of their knowledge according to their career. Method : Subjects of this study was 115 pediatric nurses of one university hospital who understood purpose of this study and accepted to participate in this study. Subjects responded questionnaire by self report. The data were gathered for 7 days during the period from October 20 to October '2:7, 2003. The pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain developed by Manworren(2001) was used to identify the knowledge related to children's pain of pediatric nurses. Nurses' career consisted of level of education, presently working ward, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward and educational experience related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education. Educational experience regarding children's pain was measured by whether they had education related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education or not and their perception on the contents of education was measured by 5 point Likert type scale. SPSS Windows was used to analyze the data. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain and career including educational experience of pediatric nurses were presented as mean and standard deviation. Mean percentage of correct answers responded by the subjects was presented under the category of introduction, assessment, pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. The difference of scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain according to nurses' career was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Tukey as a post hoc. Statistical significance was accepted at the level of p<.05. Result : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge related to children's pain on the whole and did not trust pain complaint and underestimated the pain. They were short of concrete practical knowledge about pain assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. They were excessively concerned with side effect and addiction of analgesic drugs and had a negative view point on nonpharmacological pain intervention. About 50% of the subjects received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses. The number of nurses who received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses was found to be greater among the recently graduated nurses. In ward orientation and continuing education, only less than 10% of the nurses received education regarding children's pain. Nurses perceived their experienced educational content deficient; experienced educational content consisted of pain introduction, assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain while their undergraduate course, ward orientation and continuing education. There were no significant differences of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses according to level of education, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of nurses at neonatal ward were significantly greater than those of nurses at pediatric intensive care unit. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received education during their undergraduate course were significantly greater than those who did not receive it during their undergraduate courses. Also scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received one kind of educational experience were significantly greater than those who had no educational experience. Conclusion : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge of children's pain and underestimated the pain of children. Also they were short of concrete practical knowledge on pain assessment and intervention for children's pain.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 2006

This study was made to find out how health practice affect on nutrition status of the college freshmen in male and female. 400 freshmen students in 4year colleges were surveyed. Questionnaire and blood analysis were made. The contents of questionnaire contained general characteristics, health practice behavior, and food intake. The physical measurement included height, weight and blood pressure. The questions for health practice were about drinking, smoking, BMI, skipping breakfast and sleeping. Nutrient intake was expressed by DDS(Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) and 24-hrs recall method was used to find out the quantity of daily food intake. EAR% was calculated and NAR and MAR were produced. The results are as follows: 1) BMI was $22.77kg/m^2$ for males and $20.42kg/m^2$ for females. The ratio maintaining normal weight indicated by BMI of 18.5-23 was higher(p<0.001) for female students(63.2%) than males(56.5%). The ratio of overweight with over $23kg/m^2$ of BMI was 28.5% for males and 8.8% for females(p<0.001). 2)The ratio of drinking students was 59.4% for males and 40.6% for female(p<0.001). And the ratio of smoking students was 95.2% for males and 4.8% for females(p<0.001). 3) The ratio of poor health practice group was 35.7% for males and 25.5% for females, and that of excellent one was 25.4% for males and 33.1% for females(p<0.05). 4) In NAR, the lowest ratio was observed for the intake of Ca, Fe, Vitamin C and Vitamin $B_2$. The intake of Fe, Vitamin $B_2$ and phosphorus were different significantly according to sexuality. For Fe, female students showed lower level than male students(p<0.001). For Vitamin $B_2$, and phosphorus female students showed higher level(p<0.001). 5) In MAR, there was no difference according to sexuality in almost all of the ingredients. 6) For energy intake, male and female students showed 59% and 66% of EAR and it was insufficient for them. 7) For protein, more than 100% was obtained. The lowest ratio was observed for the intake of vitamin C 50.8%, Ca 53.6% and Fe 65.1% of EAR were obtained. The lowest intake ratio and for the intake of Fe female students obtained just 37.5% of EAR showing high risk of anemia. The intake of energy(p<0.001), phosphorus(p<0.01), niacin(p<0.05), Fe(p<0.001), and Vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001) were different significantly according to sexuality. For Fe, female students showed lower level than male students(p<0.001). For energy, phosphorus, niacin, and Vitamin $B_2$ female students showed higher level(p<0.001) than male students. 8) For blood pressure, male students showed normal level of 120.7/79.1 mmHg, however, female students showed 114.5/75.4 mmHg lower than male (p<0.001). 9). In blood, for hemoglobin female students showed significantly lower level than that of male(p<0.001). T-Cholesterol and HDL-Cholesterol female students showed higher level than males (p<0.001), And for triglyceride male students showed higher level than females(p<0.001). Ca and Fe female students showed lower level (p<0.001).

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.20 no.2 s.26
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• pp.295-326
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• 2006

Despite the importance of mathematics education, many students in high school have lost their interests and felt difficulties and they don't have 'mathematical' experience with meanings attached because of the entrance examination. This paper attempted to resolve these problems and find the teaching-method with which students can study by themselves with more confidence. Nowadays students' use of Internet is very popular. After develop 'the development of mathematical power' program based on mathematics history, history, science, the application of problems in real world, and self-evaluation, I made students repeat them after making teaching lessons in classroom as moving pictures. Through this processes, I attempted to develop the Self-Directed Learning' ability by making public education substantial. First of all I analyzed the actual conditions on 'Self-Directed Learning' ability in mathematics subject, the conditions of seeing and hearing in Internet learning program, and students' and their parents' interests in Internet education. By analyzing the records, I observed the significance of the introducing mathematics history in mathematics subject in early stager, cooperative-learning, leveled-learning, self-directed learning, and Internet learning. Actually in aspect of applying 'the development of mathematical power' program, at first I made up the educational conditions to fix the program, collected the teaching materials, established the system of teaching-learning model, developed materials for the learning applying Internet mail and instruments of classroom, and carried out instruction to establish and practice mathematics learning plan. Then I applied the teaching-learning model of leveled cooperation and presentation loaming and at the same time constructed and used the leveled learning materials of complementary, average, and advanced process and instructed to watch teaching moving pictures through Internet mail and in the classroom. After that I observed how effective this program was through the interest arid attitude toward mathematics subject, learning accomplishment, and the change of self-directed learning. Finally, I wrote the conclusion and suggestion on the preparation of conditions fur the students' voluntary participation in mathematics learning and the project and application on 'the development of mathematical power' program and repeated learning with the materials of moving pictures in classroom.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2008

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of a molting diet method in molt induction and post-molt performance of laying hens. Eighty-one ISA Brown hens at 62 wk of age were randomly divided into three groups. After a 4-wk preliminary period, a control group was fed a corn-soybean-based layer diet, and for the other groups, molting was induced by starvation (MS) or feeding a molting diet (MD). For the MS group, feed was withdrawn for 2 wk; this was followed by feeding a layer diet every other day for 1 wk and then the control diet. The MD group was fed a molting diet containing low-protein and low-energy diet based for 4 wk; this was followed by feeding a layer diet. They had a free access to their diet and water. Egg production, egg quality, feed intake, and ovary and oviduct weights were measured throughout the experimental period. During molting, the feed intake in the MD group was lower than that of the control. Body weight of the molted groups was significantly reduced. The MS group feeding totally ceased egg production within 4d; after the initiation of feeding and decreased; in the MD group, egg production to 9.3% by d 10. On d 14, the ovaries and oviducts of the molted groups were distinctly lighter than those of the control. Throughout the post-molt period, egg production and egg shell thickness of the molted group improved; but there were no significant differences. Eggs from the MD-fed or control group were heavier than those of the MS-fed or control group. Finally, feeding of a low-protein and low-energy diet effectively induces molting and increase post-molt production, but further research will be conducted to determine the effects of the molt diet with other ingredients and to reduce the energy level of the molt diet for maximizing molt induction and post-molt egg quality.