• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.2
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• pp.218-228
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the recognition and requirements of mountain eco-tourism by surveying mountain villages'visitors. As a feasibility study to introduce new eco-tourism policies, the individual interview survey was conducted from June 17, 2015 to September 17, 2015 targeting 439 visitors in 57 mountain villages, where the Korea Forest Service designated them as mountain eco-villages and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs has been operating the rural experience and recreation village business. As a result of the major analysis, the respondents'intention to participate in mountain eco-tourism was 3.65 by Likert 5-point-scale and the respondent's most preferred the number of visits was once a year(44.6%) or twice a year(30.1%). Also, the most preferred region was Gangwon-do(44.8%) and the average amount of expense willing to pay was 153,320 won. Lastly, the respondents said they expect development of regional tourism product(M=3.99) and mountain eco-tourism program(M=3.96) by requirements for mountain eco-tourism. This result shows that it is necessary to inspire public awareness regarding the value of mountain eco-tourism and to develop new policies or programs making people more attracted to mountain villages. Thus, it means that mountain eco-tourism can be utilized as a way to steer sustainable mountain village.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2004

If doubtlessly contributes much to agriculture and rural development. The roles can be summarized as; 1. to activate rural areas and to provide more comfortable and safe rural life with equivalent services to those in urban areas, facilitating distance education, tole-medicine, remote public services, remote entertainment etc. 2. To initiate new agricultural and rural business such as e-commerce, real estate business for satellite officies, rural tourism and virtual corporation of small-scale farms. 3. To support policy-making and evaluation on optimal farm production, disaster management, effective agro-environmental resource management etc., providing tools such as GIS. 4. To improve farm management and farming technologies by efficient farm management, risk management, effective information or knowledge transfer etc., realizing competitive and sustainable farming with safe products. 5. To provide systems and tools to secure food traceability and reliability that has been an emerging issue concerning farm products since serious contamination such as BSE and chicken flu was detected. 6. To take an important and key role for industrialization of farming or lam business enterprise, combining the above roles.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-82
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• 2011

Public resistance is an essential factor of the democratization process. Due to this, public resistance has been recognized as an important element in discussing the democratization of China. Recently in China, and a new era of resistance especially the agrarian resistance has been being expanded. This paper identifies trends and characteristics of that. With searching changes in the relationship between the nation and the societies in China, we will check whether democratization can be built from the whole bottom of the nation's ideology or not. It is a paradox of china's economic growth that the peasant uprising increased is a factor to the growth. The farmers' smoldering discontent exploded with rage because rural communities have been forced to sacrifice during the growth. The authoritarian party-state system in China has been faced with the limits in calming the peasant revolt down with the traditional suppression and restriction. Even though the party-state system in China has accepted farmers' dissatisfaction somewhat, and it has tried to improve its image of a benevolent government and pursued buying stability strategy, the gap between urban and rural areas has been expanded in the sustainable economic development and modernization process, therefore the authorities could not soothe the farmers' sense of alienation. Accordingly, the peasant revolt has not flickered out easily, and has been getting uncontrolled across China. Resistance characteristics of Chinese farmers have also changed. In the past, they had been sporadic and indirect ways, whereas in recent years, they have changed into organized and active ways. Of course, it is generally evaluated that the party-state system has sustained a strong social control so far. Buying stability strategy has prevented farmers' complaints from spreading to a threat to its regime, because civil societies in rural areas have still weak foundations from being formed. The party-state system, because of tensions and conflicts, will control the growing powers of civil societies in rural areas with institutionalization of interaction between the nation and the societies, and they will induce street protests to legalized struggle for a while. However, the relationship between the state and the societies has already started new rearrangement, in terms of that the conflicts between the state and rural communities have continued, and the changes of resistance ways.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.349-367
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to establish three themes of regional instruction based on new regional geography and to examine explanation of space, understanding of place and judgement of environmental values for the Jinju regional instruction. Under the premise that region is the representation of space, place, and environmental perception, we reviewed location and space, event and place, development and environmental values in Jinju area. The results of the study are as follows: Owing to locational conditions, commercial agriculture, industrial and agroindustrial park, bio industry have been developed in Jinju. There are however some tasks that have to be solved such as rural investment, industrial park relocation and economic reconstruction. The Jinju castle combat, Farmers' resistance in 1862, Human right campaign for butchers in 1923, and educational conflict all occurred in the Jinju community. These events resulted in the integration and separation of the stratified citizens. They were represented as a variety of semiotics and landscape in the place. Citizens who live in Jinju are confronted with judging the environmental values. They ask whether inviting companies to town will ensure environmentally sound and sustainable development. The regional characteristics of knowledge, culture and environment in Jinju have been reproduced through the economic activity, place understanding, place marketing, and citizens' campaign.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.329-348
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• 2003

This paper has examined the origin of organic fanning, its development stages, its certification program, and its distributional characteristics in South Korea. Organic agriculture in South Korea originated in the late 1970s as several organic farmers' associations started to be formed. However, the certification of organic farm products, based upon the Codex guideline on organic produce as well as the FAO/WHO find standards, was not institutionalized with the year 2001. A majority of organic products are currently certified as farm products grown with low chemical input. Vegetables grown without any chemical input occupy the largest proportion of the certified produce, while fruits take the smallest. The average size of farms practicing organic agriculture is 0.88 hectare, smaller than the scale of conventional farms being 1.39 hectare. These organic farms are concentrated in Gyeonggi, Chungcheongbuk, and Jeju Province, where organic farmers' associations were first founded. The roles of those associations not only in developing and extending organic farming techniques but also in promoting organic agriculture to consumers were most critical in the regional development of organic farming. It would be desirable for local governments to promote organic farming in tandem with a whole environmental movement.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.240-249
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• 2022

With the tourism industry stagnating due to the recent COVID-19 virus issue, the importance of preparing a plan to resume and revitalize the tourism industry after the end of the COVID-19 is being emphasized. In particular, this researcher paid attention to the development of the horse industry as it can contribute to the differentiation of services as it is an experience-oriented tourism, and it can be said to be a field with a high potential for sustainable development in the future. However, in the domestic horse industry, legal problems related to installation, industrial structural problems organized around horse racing, and demand-based problems were scattered. Therefore, this researcher suggested a way to improve these problems, improve the quality of life of the people, and lead the horse industry to increase the income of rural residents. As a representative example, a legal improvement plan for the expansion and growth of equestrian facilities was presented, and a strategic incubating infrastructure construction plan was presented to support horse industry workers to nurture the horse industry as the 6th industry on their own. This movement will lead to qualitative growth through the conversion of the horse industry into local cultural contents, and not only to expand the base of public demand for the horse industry, but also to maximize the creation of added value through diversification of the horse industry, leading to qualitative growth of the horse industry.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2020

The purpose of the establishment of Fab Lab is to promote the sustainable development of local communities around the world. To this end, The Fab foundation are preparing a resource-circulating society that maintains a city's self-sufficiency rate of 50% or more by 2054. In developed countries, Fab Lab is not only a manufacturing space for startup support, but an open innovation space for learning and creation. In addition, in emerging countries, Fab Lab is playing a role as a digital production center to create and share appropriate new technologies by reflecting the needs of local communities. India has 70 Fab Labs, the largest emerging country, ahead of Russia's 48. India's Fab Lab is conducting a collaboration project through regular meetings held every six months. The subject of this study, Fab Lab Vigyan Ashram, is defined as a place to transfer the concept of digital lab to alternative schools in rural India. In this study, we looked at a case in which an alternative school for an agricultural community called Vigyan Ashram, the modern version of the Gurukula system, successfully combined with the digital fabrication called Fab Lab to become a new citizen-led making community of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Based on this, we explored the development model of the Indian Fab Lab that fits the local situation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.401-412
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• 2013

Water footprint of a product and service is the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured in the life cycle or over the full supply chain. Since water footprint assessment helps us to understand how human activities and products relate to water scarcity and pollution, it can contribute to seek a sustainable way of water use in the consumption perspective. For the introduction of WFP scheme, it is indispensable to construct water inventory/accounting for the assessment, but there is no database in Korea to cover all industry sectors. Therefore, the aim of the study is to develop water footprint inventory within a nation at 403 industrial sectors using Input-Output Analysis. Water uses in the agricultural sector account for 79% of total water, and industrial sector have higher indirect water at most sectors, which is accounting for 82%. Most of the crop water is consumptive and direct water except rice. The greatest water use in the agricultural sectors is in rice paddy followed by aquaculture and fruit production, but the greatest water use intensity was not in the rice. The greatest water use intensity was 103,263 $m^3$/million KRW for other inedible crop production, which was attributed to the low economic value of the product with great water consumption in the cultivation. The next was timber tract followed by iron ores, raw timber, aquaculture, water supply and miscellaneous cereals like corn and other edible crops in terms of total water use intensity. In holistic view, water management considering indirect water in the industrial sector, i.e. supply chain management in the whole life cycle, is important to increase water use efficiency, since more than 56% of total water was indirect water by humanity. It is expected that the water use intensity data can be used for a water inventory to estimate water footprint of a product for the introduction of water footprint scheme in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.777-780
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• 2015

Currently, our country has promoted sustainable growth in agriculture field by expanding the growth engine which is going to creat new value through agrifood industry & ICT convergence, the deployment of computerization in rural areas and the efficiency increase of agricultural administration system. Since the level of domestic agriculture-ICT convergence technology focusing on production areas is at early stage, it is necessary to deploy the successful models through the systematic development of technology and standardization including production, distribution and consumption phase. In addition, because the management and control systems of large glass greenhouse are mostly foreign products with no standardization and related small domestic companies, there is a limit to agri-food & ICT convergence activation led by the agri-food private sector. Also, it is vital to increase productivity & efficiency and improve quality throughout the entire agricultural process including production, distribution and consumption by the fusion of information technology, automatic control technology and unique ICT on existing agricultural technology, Therefore, in this paper we propose the agricultural-ICT convergence technology fields in which our country can lead technology and the standardization plans through analyzing the development, policy and standardization trends on agricultural-ICT convergence technology.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.496-507
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• 2018

Immunization has been performed for centuries and is generally accepted as a sustainable method of controlling bacteria, viruses, and mediated and infectious diseases. Despite many studies having been performed on animal subjects to demonstrate the importance of toxin immunity, the use of toxoid vaccines in humans and animals has been limited for a long time. Recently, the development of the toxoid antigen delivery system has been facilitated using novel nano-medicinal technology. The micro/nano-carrier has been used to improve vaccination coverage as well as reduce vaccine costs. A micro/nano-carrier is a micro/nano-sized material that delivers immune cargo, including recombinant or peptide toxoid antigens. These toxoid antigens are either encapsulated in the interior or displayed on the surface of micro/nano-carriers as a way to protect them from the cellular machinery. In particular, the combination of toxoid antigens and micro/nano-carriers can induce phagocytosis through the specific interactions between GCs and macrophages; thus, the toxoid antigens can be delivered easily into the macrophages. This paper reviews recent achievements of micro/nano-carriers in the field of vaccine delivery systems such as microbial ghost cells (GCs, Bacterial ghost cells and Yeast ghost cells), gene-manipulated outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and biocompatible, polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs, NP-Carrier and NP-Cage). Finally, this review shows various aspects in terms of the hosts' immune responses.