• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.417-422
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• 1998

This study was performed to obtain information about the extraction conditions of lipids from microalgae, Spirulina platensis, using supercritical fluid $CO_2$. Regardless of extraction temperature conditions, the extracted lipid contents increased as pressure increased, but decreased at 8500 psi on each temperature. The highest yield of extracted lipid content showed in the condition of 5500psi at $50^{\circ}C$, and extracted lipid content was about $20\%$. In same pressure the contents of C18 : 2 and C20 : 0 increased as temperature increased, but fatty acids composition were $60\~75\%$ saturated, $12\~20\%$ monounsaturated and $13\~31\%$ polyunsaturated regardless of extraction conditions. The C18 : 3 was only detected in the condition of 5500psi at $50^{\circ}C$ but the content was very little.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2016

Hydrolytic enzyme activities, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, ${\beta}$-xylosidase, ${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-arabinofuranosidase, ${\beta}$-arabinosidase, and ${\beta}$-arabinopyranosidase, which are useful for bioconversion, were explored in lactic acid bacteria isolated from Korean traditional fermented foods. Nine bacterial strains were selected for the fermentation of green tea extract prepared by supercritical fluid extraction. Changes in the concentrations of catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate in green tea extract were investigated after fermentation by the selected lactic acid bacteria strains. The strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides MBE1424, which showed the highest ${\beta}$-glucuronidase enzyme activity among the tested bacterial strains, increased the epigallocatechin content of the green tea extract by 60%. In addition, L. mesenteroides MBE1424 was more resistant than the control strain at high temperature and showed a maximum specific growth rate at $40^{\circ}C$. L. mesenteroides MBE1424 was presumed to have an enzyme system containing ${\beta}$-glucuronidase with utility in the bioconversion of green tea extract.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2003

The study was carried out to determine the effect of storage property and qualities on soybean sauce and paste by adding different amount of pyroligneous liquor obtained by sujpercritical fluid extraction(SFE). Purified pyroligneous liquor obtained by SFE at 4$0^{\circ}C$/110 bar contained p-cresol, o-cresol and m-cresol food sterilizers, but no toxic substances such as tar, scorched, furfuraland and monophenol. Thus pyroligneous liquor was considered to be suitable as natural food preservative. In case of soybean sauce, pyroligneous liquor was tested to determine the potential of natual food preservative to prevent flim formation on soybean ksauce 15days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Increasing amounts of purified pyroligneous liquor added to soybean sauce prevented film forming yeasts. In case of paste, pyroligneous liquor was tested to determine the potential of natural food preservative to inhibit browning on paste 60 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Purified pyroligneous liquor added to paste inhibited brown pigment. As a result, purified pyroligneous liquor offered a promising way of improving the quality and storage property of soybean sauce and paste.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2016

Surface-active substances in defatted rapeseed cake were obtained using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Then, it was purified by removing sinapine in the extract through a series of steps using a mixed solvent: diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). Emulsifying properties of purified surface-active substances were investigated, including fat globule size, zeta potentials and creaming stability and its antioxidant activity in emulsion systems were also studied by peroxide value and $^1H$-NMR spectrum. It was found that fat globules in emulsions with purified surface-active substances were much smaller than ones with the unpurified. In addition, as pH of the emulsion lowered and with increasing NaCl concentration in the emulsion, they were observed to increase, which led to worse creaming stability. These properties were reflected in changes of zeta potentials of emulsions. The oxidative stability was better in emulsions with purified surface-active substances than ones with Tween 20 or commercial lecithin, possibly resulted from the existence of sinapic acid in the extract. It was concluded that purified surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cake could be simultaneously used as emulsifier and antioxidant agent in emulsion system.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2015

In this study, we prepared Eriobotrya japonica leaf extracts by several extraction processes and then evaluated their biological activities for their potential application as a new raw material of functional cosmetic. Their whitening effects were measured by tyrosinase inhibitory activities, and anti-inflammatory effects were determined by inhibitory activities of nitric oxide (NO) production. Among the several extracts obtained from E. japonica leaf, supercritical fluid extract showed tyrosinase inhibitory activities at the concentration of 10%. Inhibitory activity on NO production effect related to anti-inflammatory efficacy was in the order: supercritical fluid extract > ethanol extract > hot water extract. According to the results of MTT assay, cell cytotoxicity was not observed at all concentrations except for a 5% concentration of the 70% ethanol extract. For whitening effects, 30% ethanol and 70% ethanol extract showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity at the concentration of 5%. These results indicated that E. japonica leaf extracts could have the functional effects when they are added as ingredients in cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.427-433
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• 2009

Volatile flavor compounds from the shoot and root of Angelica gigas Nakai were extracted by HE (Hydrodistillation extraction), SDE (Simultaneous steam distillation & extraction), and SFE (Supercritical fluid extraction system), and analyzed by GC-MS. The amount and the number of chemical components in essential oils from shoot and root by SFE was the higher than those by other extraction methods. Respectively, thirty one constituents were identified from the essential oil of the shoot and root by HE, twenty seven and twenty three constituents were identified from the essential oil of shoot and root by SDE, thirty one and forty five constituents were identified from the essential oil of shoot and root by SFE. The result showed large differences in extraction methods and in plant parts of Angelica gigas Nakai. Also, the bioactive compounds in root part was identified as nodakenin and decursinol (11.95% and 8.42%, respectively) by SFE. These results suggested that SFE was the best extraction method for the increasing of extraction yield, the determination of volatile components and the increasing of bioactive compounds in the shoot and root of Angelica gigas Nakai.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was used to make molsidomine (MOL) loaded peracetyl-β-cyclodextrin (PAc-β-CD) nanoparticles, which were collected into the air. The effect of the concentration of the drug PAc-β-CD (0.5 and 1 wt%), extraction temperature (45 ~ 60 ℃), nozzle length (5 ~ 20 mm) and internal diameter (ID) (50 ~ 150 μm) of a capillary, and spray distance on the particle size and morphology of the resulting particles were investigated. The interaction of a drug and PAc-β-CD was confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy while the particle size was measured by means of a scanning electron microscope. It was found that increasing the temperature from 45 ℃ to 60 ℃ and decreasing the nozzle diameter from 150 μm to 50 μm had an increasing effect on the average particle size, while increasing the spray distance led to a decrease in the average particle size at a constant pressure of 34.5 MPa and temperature of 45 ℃. With 0.5 wt% of PAc-β-CD, the capillary nozzle of short length (5 mm) and small ID (50 μm) gave the smallest size (165 nm). The obtained nanoparticles showed increased dispersity and solubility in oil. The oil suspension of the inclusion complex showed increased sustainability, which can increase the in-vitro controlled release time of the drug.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1043-1052
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• 1996

Supercritical fluid chromatographic method was recommended as an alternative separation method of fatty acids of the conventional method such as distillation or extraction. Although diffusion characteristics are varied by the carbon numbers and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, the quantitative data were so rare that the commercialization of supercritical fluid chromatographic method has been hindered. In this study, diffusion coefficients of fatty acids which are differently unsaturated are measured by CPB method in the range of 308.15K to 328.15K and 13MPa to 17MPa in supercritical carbon dioxide. A decrease in the binary diffusion coefficient was observed with an increase in temperature and pressure. Also, the decrease in the binary diffusion coefficient with increasing fluid density and viscosity. Wilke-Chang equation, Funazukuri empirical equation, and Matthews-Akgerman equation are used to correlate the experimental diffusion coefficients of fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide. Among the various theoretical equations, Matthews-Akgerman equation based on RHS theory was suggested as a more successful correlation model with experimental data.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.459-464
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• 2011

In this study, the canadian peat moss extract was purified by a supercritical ₂ using three different conditions and assessed its biological activities. Peat moss was extracted by acid-alkaline extraction method (sample 1) and purified by a supercritical $CO_2$ at $40^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 100 bar (sample 2), 120 bar (sample 3) or 150 bar (sample 4). We evaluated the antioxidant activities of the samples by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging, $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate (FTC) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The antioxidant activities were examined by comparing the results with that of ascorbic acid as a positive control. Sample 3 showed relatively higher DPPH radical-scavenging activities than other samples. The antioxidant activity by FIC method exhibited similar results as the DPPH radical-scavenging activities. On the other hand, sample 2 showed higher antioxidant activity measured by TBA method of all. The whitening effects of the samples were examined using mushroom tyrosinase and B16F10 melanoma cells. Sample 3 exhibited overall significant whitening effects, however, other samples showed relatively lower effects. These results suggest that the peat moss extract purified by a supercritical ₂ could be used as a cosmetic ingredient for the anti-aging and whitening effects.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2018

In this study, oil of Platycodon grandiflorum seeds was prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) and its physicochemical indices as a new edible oil were investigated. Compared to Soxhlet solvent extraction, SCE under the condition of 6,000 psi at $40^{\circ}C$ produced more oil, especially from the roasted seeds to 32.7%. TLC analysis showed triacylglycerols accounted for most of the oil obtained from roasted Platycodon grandiflorum seeds by SCE similarly to commercial soybean oil or perilla seeds oil. The oil had highly unsaturated lipid with considerable amount of linoleic acid(73.27%) much more than two commercial oils followed by oleic acid(13.16%). Physicochemical properties of the oil were as follows; specific gravity, 0.92; dynamic viscosity, 45.37 cP; refractive index, 1.48; color, L=47.30, a=-3.69, b=25.72; iodine value, 141.57 g $I_2/100g$ oil; saponification value, 191.21 mg of KOH/g of oil; acid value, 2.60 mg of KOH/g of oil. Among those, refractive index, viscosity and iodine value, which were related to unsaturation degree of lipid, were ranged between those of two commercial oils. The oxidation stability of oil(2.03 hr) was also ranged between less stable perilla seeds oil(1.79 hr) and more stable soybean oil(2.94 hr) based on the induction time measured by Rancimat assay. In addition to extraction yield increase, seeds roasting provided further benefits such as reductions of cholesterol ester content and acid value without change in fatty acid composition. In conclusion, oil was extracted from the roasted Platycodon grandiflorum seeds at high yield by supercritical carbon dioxide and it seemed to have proper characteristics as a edible oil.