• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2002

For the research of the natural marine antioxidant, several bacteria were isolated from the coast of jin-Hae in Korea. Among the marine bacteria studied, strain HJ-14, a gram-negative, motile, strait rod, aerobic, and $Na^{+}$ required bacterium showed high activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scav- enging. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of the strain HJ-14 were similar to those of the Alteromonas macleodii ATCC $27126^{T}$ . Thus, it was tentatively identified as Alteromonas sp. HJ-14. The compositions of major fatty acids in cell membrane of Alteromonas sp. HJ-14 were $C_{ 14:0}$ , $ C_{15:0}$ , $C_{16:0}$ and $C_{17:1}$ $_{w8c}$ , which also suggest that it is affiliated with Alteromonas sp. The optimum culture conditions for production of antioxidant materials with Alteromonas sp. HJ-14 were at $25$~$37^{\circ}C$ and pH 6~8. The optimum conditions for the production of antioxidant for carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and sodium chloride sources were 2.5%(w/v) dextrin, 0.5%(w/v) ammonium sulfate, and 2~6%(w/v) sodium chloride, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of Alteromonas sp. HJ-14 broth was 90.03%, which is higher than ascor-bic acid(83.28%) and lower than butylated hydroxyanisole(95.46%) and $\alpha$-tocopherol(97.17%).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.455-463
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• 2017

In this study, the biological activities and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Gloiopeltis furcata were investigated. Polysaccharides were isolated by enzymes treatment (celluclast, flavourzyme, papain, termamyl, viscozyme) followed by ethanol precipitation and lyophilization. The yield of polysaccharides by enzymes treatment group were 52.8-66.4%. The major constituents in viscozyme treatment group were total sugar (71.04%), protein (7.22%), uronic acid (23.18 g/100 g), and sulfate (28.27%), respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant potential of the viscozyme treatment group at 5 mg/mL were 23.10% and $218.50{\mu}M$, respectively. The protective effects against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity in L132 cell of viscozyme treatment group at $1{\mu}g/mL$ was 85.64%. The viscozyme treatment group increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner. The antitumor activity of viscozyme treatment group (at $25{\mu}g/mL$) in A549, HeLa, SNU719 and MCF7 was 69.57%, 52.74%, 61.06% and 68.64%, respectively. All of data showed that the biological activities and chemical characteristics of enzymes treatment group are higher than that of the control group. The polysaccharides isolated from Gloiopeltis furcata investigated herein are useful as functional materials agents.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2019

This study examined the neurotoxicity of aluminum sulfate (AS), an environmental pollutant, and the protective effect of Phrymaleptostachya var. asiatica HARA (PLVAH) extract on the neurotoxicity induced by AS in the cultured C6 glioma cells. For this study, the cell viability and antioxidative effects, such as electron donating (ED) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP) activity, and superoxide anion-radical (SAR) scavenging activity, were analyzed. AS decreased the cell viability significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the $XTT_{50}$ value was measured at $120.0{\mu}M$ of AS. The neurotoxicity of AS was determined to be mid-toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. In addition, the catalase (CAT), antioxidant enzyme remarkably increased the cell viability injured by AS-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures. Regarding the protective effect of the PLVAH extract on AS-induced neurotoxicity, PLVAH extract significantly increased the ED ability, and the inhibitory ability of the LP and SAR scavenging ability. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of AS, and the PLVAH extract effectively protected against AS-induced neurotoxicity by its antioxidative effects. Natural resources, such as the PLVAH extract may be a putative therapeutic agent for the treatment of the toxicity induced by heavy metallic compounds, such as AS correlated with the oxidative stress.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.340-345
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• 2004

Our work in this study was made in the microsomal fraction to evaluate the lipid peroxidation by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and to elucidate the preventive role of CS in the $CCl_4$-induced oxidative stress. The excessive lipid peroxidation by free radicals derived from $CCl_4$ leads to the condition of oxidative stress which results in the accumulation of MDA. MDA is one of the end-products in the lipid peroxidation process and oxidative stress. MDA, lipid peroxide, produced in this oxidative stress causes various diseases related to aging and hepatotoxicity, etc. Normal cells have a number of enzymatic and nonenzymatic endogenous defense systems to protect themselves from reactive species. The enzymes in the defense systems, for example, are SOD, CAT, and GPx. They quickly eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion free radicalㆍO$^{[-10]}$ $_2$, hydrogen peroxide $H_2O$$_2$ and hydroxyl free radicalㆍOH. CS inhibited the accumulation of MDA and the deactivation of SOD, CAT and GPx in the dose-dependent and preventive manner. Our study suggests that CS might be a potential scavenger of free radicals in the oxidative stress originated from the lipid peroxidation of the liver cells of $CCl_4$-treated rats.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.455-464
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to examine changes in the composition and physiological activity of Gardenia Fructus after being roasted. Methods: The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of Gardenia Fructus was evaluated using the Gardenia Fructus (GF) and roasted Gardenia Fructus (RGF) ethanol extracts, and their components were analyzed through HPLC. Results: As a result, it was confirmed that the content of gardenoside and geniposide decreased and the content of genipin increased when GF was roasted. The total content of polyphenols was 54.5 ± 2.18 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of the GF extract and 69.6 ± 0.36 mg GAE per gram of the RGF extract. As a result of evaluating 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, both the GF and RGF extracts showed the similar activity to ascorbic acid at the concentrations of 1 mg/mL or higher. In RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the RGF extract showed a higher effect of reducing NO production, and significantly reduced the expression of an inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. As a result of evaluating the antimicrobial activity, the RGF extract showed higher antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In the dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model, the RGF extract reduced the weight of the spleen, and both the GF and RGF extracts reduced the number of bacteria in the colon. Conclusion: Therefore, it has been confirmed through this study that roasting at a high temperature changes the main components of the GF extract and increases its biological activity. The RGF extract is expected to be used as a natural material with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2001

Nonactin is the parent compound of a group of ionophore antibiotics, that known as the macrotetrolides. In previous report, in th course of screening superoxide radical-generating compounds from microbial sources, we first screened Streptomyces viridochromogenes JM-4151 that produces nonactin. It was proved that nonactin is superoxide radical-producing compound. In present study, we examined the optimal culture conditions of nonacin. Th optimal culture conditions for nonactin production were as follows: 1% soluble starch, 1% yeast extract, 0.2% ammonium nitrate, 0.06% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% calcium carbonate, initial pH 7.0 at 28$^{\circ}C$ for 96 h. The highest nonactin production was achieved in the production medium of initial pH7.0 at 28$^{\circ}C$ for 96h. The threshold level of dissolved oxygen was found to be above 33.2% at 28$^{\circ}C$ when 1% soluble starch was used as a carbon source. These results suggest that S. viridochromogenes JM-4151 might be a possible strain for industrial nonactin producer.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2017

Polysaccharides of marine algae exhibit different structural characteristics and interesting biological functions. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP) of eleven Sri Lankan marine algae obtained through hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation were investigated for DPPH, alkyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities using electron spin resonance spectrometry and for intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity in the Chang liver cell line. Characterization of CPs was done by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis of the monosaccharide composition. Time-dependent density functional theory quantum-chemical calculations at the RB3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level for constructed dimeric units of the corresponding polysaccharides were used to resolve the FTIR spectra. CPs from Chnoospora minima showed the highest DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities and higher intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging effects for both AAPH and $H_2O_2$ induced ROS production in "Chang" cells. The major polysaccharide constituent in C. minima CP was identified as fucoidan and it displayed a higher sulfate content. The degree of sulfation of these polysaccharides suggests a positive correlation with the observed antioxidant properties.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.104-113
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• 2018

A three-dimensional electrochemical process using nanosized zero-valent iron (NZVI)/activated carbon (AC) particle electrode and persulfate (PS) was developed for oxidizing pollutants. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis were performed to characterize particle electrode. XRD and SEM-EDS analysis confirmed that NZVI was impregnated on the surface of AC. Compared with the conventional two-dimensional electrochemical process, the three-dimensional particle electrode process achieved three times higher efficiency in phenol removal. The system with current density of $5mA/cm^2$ exhibited the highest phenol removal efficiency among the systems employing 1, 5, and $10mA/cm^2$. The removal efficiency of phenol increased as the Fe contents in the particle electrode increased. The particle electrode achieved more than 70% of phenol removal until it was reused for three times. The sulfate radical played a predominant role in phenol removal according to the radical scavenging test.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1201-1208
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• 2017

Oxidative degradation of chlorinated ethenes was carried out using heat-activated persulfate. The activation rate of persulfate was dependent on the temperature and the activation reaction rate could be explained based on the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of persulfate was 19.3 kcal/mol under the assumption that the reaction between the sulfate radical and tricholoroethene (TCE) is very fast. Activation could be achieved at a moderate temperature, so that the adverse effects due to high temperature in the soil environment were mitigated. The reaction rate of TCE was directly proportional to the concentration of persulfate, indicating that the remediation rate can be controlled by the concentration of the injected persulfate. The solution was acidized after the oxidation, and this was dependent on the oxidation temperature. The consumption rate of persulfate was high in the presence of the target organic, but the self-decomposition rate became very low as the target was completely removed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.5 s.92
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• pp.446-450
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• 2006

In order to treat the wastewater containing organic compound, pre-treatment system connected with MSP(molecular separation process) was investigated. With the aim of selecting an optimum process of Fenton's oxidation, removal efficiency of each process in the optimum reaction condition was recommended. The $Fe/H_{2}O_{2}$(ferric sulfate to hydrogen peroxide)reagent is referred to as the Fenton's regent, which produces hydroxyl radicals by the interaction of Fe with $H_{2}O_{2}$. The powerful oxidizing ability and extreme kinetic reactively of the hydroxyl radical was well established. Increasing dosage of $Fe/H_{2}O_{2}$ increased removal efficiency as molar ratio of $Fe/H_{2}O_{2}$ between 0.2 and 2.5. Optimum dosage of molar ratio was 1. The removal efficiency for reaction condition was increased as pH decreased when the molar ratio of $Fe/H_{2}O_{2}$ was 1.7. Fenton's oxidation was most efficient in the reaction time 35 min for complex wastewater. Also, coagulation aid experiments using kaolin resulted in 3% of kaolin dosage.