• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Landscape Garden tradition of excellent examples of places that are focused on hydroponics management. South Korea and China, this thing was noticeable among them South Korea which emphasizes the natural contours of the natural streams in accordance with the basic idea to use examples that feature will do. Gardens in China by constructing a flat terrain also naturally expect to find examples of conscious ideas depending on the water and the mountains are characterized. These differences and similarities through the Gardens of the tradition of separating the two countries to build their Garden by site Soswaewon and Zolzengwon appear in the target hand is to identify the characteristics between the director. Research methods literature survey, field survey of the natural environment through the plantation, background history, the people who intend to study, to configure the ground water space, Jian, construction and management has been studied in hydroponics. As a result, Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea in the Garden of the Soswaewon(瀟灑園) organization with inner garden and outer garden of a small, but the scale of production to Yang San-Bo's 'eunilgwan' implement security based rock mooring takes the form of a linear channel and the water came down from riding pending to avoid artifacts gathered again took the form of streams flowing into that. Hutton was a rubble pile structure Jian. Building an Gwangpunggak, Jewoldang, as Daebongdae consist, respectively, depending on the purpose of the mooring was deployed by focusing. The other hand, is located at Suzhou, Jiangsu of China Zolzengwon(拙政園) flat terrain is located on. Largely divided eastern gardens, Central Gardens and the Gardens of the West was conducted by five thirds of the total area of Water accounted for. Pavilion the center of the pond, Seokgasan achieve a variety of landscapes and architectural features that are most of the Ming. The two countries, each region's natural environment and human environment, different, unique characteristics to each other in the implementation of a unique hydroponic Garden tube and ideological backgrounds, but especially the 'eunilgwan' and the terrain that is divided according to the conditions of this study, so fulfilling Garden was conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

The position, size and landscape of the former Donam SeoWon as well as the physical organization of the old site, are studied to extract data for the enhancement of the authenticity of Donam SeoWon since its registration as a world heritage site. The results are as follows. The 'Donam(豚巖)' encaved rock, the tombstone of teacher Sagye(沙溪), Kimjipsadang(金集祠堂), the head of the Gwangsan Kim family, the Sagye stream in front of them, and the Gyeryong and Daedun mountains in the distance are united in the former Donam SeoWon as landscape elements that clearly show the characteristics of the former site, which was called 'Donam-Wollim(豚巖園林).' Moreover Yangseongdangsipyoung(養性堂十詠), adds the garden elements of a medical herb field, twins pond, a bamboo forest, a school, and a peach field. On this site, one can also engage in activities that are related to the land and are closely related to Neo-Confucianism such as fish watching, conferencing, visit in seclusion(訪隱), looking for monks, and overseeing farming. The former site facing east is assumed to have Sau(祠宇) - Eungdodang(凝道堂) - Ipdeokmum(入德門) - Sanangru(山仰樓: estimated). Jeonsacheong seems to have been located to the left of the Sau area, Yangseongdang, which contained upper and lower twin lotus ponds, on the right and was surrounded by various plants. As it has been used as a lecture hall for the past 250 years, the former Donam SeoWon, located 1.8km away from the current area, must be preserved, and the landscape should be formed to establish the authenticity of Donam SeoWon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.76-84
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• 2010

Darangyi paddy in Namhae Gachon village provides natural beauty with its distinct location. Darangyi is a traditional Korean landscape, shaping a circular form to serve continuous cultivation. Despite the paddy's landscape, it is difficult to preserve its natural scenery due to many factors such as inadequate visual analysis. Under the belief that there is a necessity to preserve Darangyi paddy, the research in visual features of the paddy began to illustrate the relevance between its viewpoint and landscape objects. First, we researched typical view structures. When considering the visual features, Darangyi paddy landscape objects has a viewpoint from the horizontality to its below, which its center area is about $-5^{\circ}{\sim}-30^{\circ}$. From the analyzed data, the scenary of Darangyi paddy, which most people agree its decency, is formed in a visually decent location. The above type of measure of visual structure in Darangyi paddy is expected to be applied in maintenance of foothold of views in the future. Second, the surrounding elements play important parts to form the whole landscape of Gachon Darangyi paddy. Although Darangyi paddy is the principal part of the scenary, the landscape analysis showed a high relevance with the paddy's identity, forest around the paddy, sky, ocean, settlements, and the roads in terms of visual perception. It was affirmed that those elements around the paddy play important parts in structuring and providing the beauty of the whole landscape. Various viewy objects are seen obvious especially in a long distance, and the splendid scenary proved that those viewy objects are in indispensable location. In order to preserve the paddy, it seems necessary to consider the surrounding envrionment of Darangyi paddy, not just the paddy's sole landscape form. Third, Darangyi paddy has a distinct seasonal characteristics. According to the survey analysis, the full heading time in spring and time when people can take a picture against the sun light proved magnificence of Darangyi paddy. Thus, it would be ideal to maintain Darangyi paddy by securing the sunlight condition with decent landscape view and the views from its surrounding environments or researching the ways to principally maintain the surrounding environments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.85-97
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• 2010

This research studied the location and the spatial composition of Pihyang-jeong zone. Pihyang-jeong is regarded as one of the five great pavilions in Chollabuk-do. Located in Taein-myeon of Jeongeup-si, Pihyang-jeong is also called as 'the number one pavilion in Honam area'. 1. There is no record regarding the first construction of Pihyang-jeong. There is only transmitting by word of mouth that the scholar Choi Chi-won had an excursion to here and composed some poetry during the age of King Heon-gang of Shilla dynasty. However, there are records that Lee Ji-gweng had expanded the humble structure in 1618, Park Sung-go repaired it in 1664 and Yoo Geun repaired it again in 1715. 2. The location of Pihyang-jeong is 'high in north and low in south' and typical 'mountain in rear and water in front'. It has Seong-hwang Mountain(189m) in the north, Hang-ga Mountain(106m) in the south, Tae Mountain(33m) in the south and an open field in the northwest. 3. The spatial composition around Pihyang-jeong is as following. Pihyang-jeong faces 'Hayeonji'(the lower side lotus pond) in the south-south-west direction. 4. The buildings around Pihyang-jeong are; Pihyang-jeong, which was the pavilion of the government official not directly in charge of government office, Hambyeok-lu in the Hayeonji and the facility for the caretaker. Pihyang-jeong is a rectangular building with double eaves and hipped-and-gabled roof. It has five rooms in the front and four rooms in the side. Hambyeok-lu had been first built in 1918 as two-storey wooden pavilion with dancheong, traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings. Then it was modified into rectangular single-storey pavilion with hipped-and-gabled roof and five rooms in 1971. In 2010, it was rebuilt as a hexagonal pavilion; therefore, the present shape is completely different one from the original shape. 5. The scenic features around Pihyang-jeong are as following. There are 21 stone monuments in Pihyang-jeong zone. The fence surrounding Pihyang-jeong is a traditional Korean style crude stone fence. There are three gates in three-gates-style, each gate made with two posts and one 'matbae'(gabled) roof. Also, a stepping stone for mounting/dismounting was found in the east of Pihyang-jeong outer perimeter. 6. The water scenic feature around Pihyang-jeong is a representative case of drawing in the water from the natural pond nearby government office and building a pavilion around the water. 7. The planting around Pihyang-jeong is as following. There are Zelkova trees in the boundary perimeter. In the southern small park, there are Zelkova trees, Crape-myrtie trees, Bushy young pine trees, Pine trees, Satuki, Purple azalea and Grass field. Around Hambyeok-lu in the Ha-yeonji, Elm trees, Zelkova trees and Pine trees are growing in good condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.60-71
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified examination of apparently quite different gardens in terms of Carl Jung's psychological concepts such as Archetypes, Individualization, and a natural tendency towards balance or wholeness. In Jung's psychological framework, Archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and function as the first original models upon which all other similar persons, objects or concepts are derived, copied or patterned. Jung proposes that Individualization be achieved through a natural tendency towards balance, especially the balance between the conscious and the unconscious. This paper deals with three gardens, each of which represents a distinct cultural region: Bu-Yong Ji(芙蓉池) at the Changdeok Palace(Oriental), the Patio of the Lions at the Alhambra(Islamic), and the Fountain of Apollo at the Versailles Palace(Western). It is argued that all of three have in common a natural tendency towards balance and symbolize mandala, the archetype of wholeness. Bu-Yong Ji is in the form of quadrangle which embodies Yin and Yang. In the Patio of the Lions, the basin at the center and the four channels, which symbolize the waterway of the Garden of Eden and the four rivers in Paradise respectively, are constructed in the form of a quadripartite composition. The overlapped circle and rectangular shaped pond of the Fountain of Apollo also represents mandala. Symbols representing the same archetype can vary from culture to culture. This explains the differences among the three gardens with respect to specific aspects of external forms. In other words, an archetypal image can give rise to various forms in different cultures, and thus quite different mediums of design or design details may be developed. In conclusion, the three gardens give us a good example as to how an archetypal image can be expressed in different ways from culture to culture and how seemingly different design details can be analyzed in a unified way.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to re-exam of the modern values of a moat to utilize it with various functions such as a military defense on the outskirts of the castle, dividing the space by its boundary, controlling the micro-climate in the worsening modern environment with temperature rise due to climate change and habitat reduction of animals, and providing the habitat of animals to modern urban space, etc. The scope of the study is focusing on the castles with the moat installed to prevent the enemy from accessing directly to the wall using a pond or water path for military defense on the outskirts of the castle or to divide it into boundaries. In the Orient, the Nakan Eupseong, Haemi Eupseong, Gyeongju Wolseong in Korea and the Forbidden City in China, and Nijo Castle and Osaka Castle in Japan were selected. In the West, Edinburgh Castle in Britain, Blois Castle in France, Chillon Castle in Switzerland, and Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark were selected for the study. As a research method, literature research and field research were conducted. For the Orient, it was conducted in parallel with the literature research and field research. For the western, it was mainly conducted with literature research. For the literature research, the origin of the moat, the concept of the moat, the function of the moat, the history and culture of the western moat are based on the data from the related institutions and previous studies. For the Orient field research, exploring was conducted in two to three times from Jan. 2016 to Dec. 2016 in each of the target areas of Nakan Eupseong, Haemi Eupseong, Gyeongju Wolseong in Korea and the Forbidden City in China, and Nijo Castle and Osaka Castle in Japan. The contents of the research were analyzed through interviews, photographs, measurements, and observations on the function, size, and characteristics of the moat of each target. The results of this study are as follows. The moat was a structure installed to set a boundary for military defense facilities on the outskirts of a castle and it played an important role as a part of the city in the ancient times of Asia and the West through the Middle Ages. The role of the moat is gradually disappearing due to the disappearance of the purpose of military defense. However, moats are excluded from modern landscape planning, despite the fact that a moat filled with water is a hydrophilic space with great historical and cultural value such as various cultural activities and providing habitats for animals. By reflecting on the moats various functions in modern cities and utilizing it, it is expected to be utilized to bring pleasant air into the city where the circulation of air is blocked and energize the city as a hydroponic element.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

This study closely analyzed poems and paintings related to Beijing-Palgyeong, as well as ancient maps and ancient writings. Through the study, people who read this study can consider, Beijing-Palgyeong's the process of changing times, changing landscape perception, physical and symbolic landscape elements, structural analysis, national management relationships, and finally how it was localized as symbolic place. The view point of the Beijing-Palgyeong is distributed in four places, one outside and one inside the city. Outside of the capital city of Beijing-Palgyeong were concentrated in Seosan(西山) where the resting place of the emperor and the center of the landscape view of Beijing. The view point of Beijing-Palgyeong inside the capital city is located in two places in the royal palace's Imperial Garden and in two villages around the fortress. In other words, Beijing-Palgyeong was selected as a place closely related to the imperial family, emperor, and royal palace from the time of its initial creation. Since then, many scholars, including the emperor, have used it for national management through Won(元), Ming and Qing Dynasty, and it have become more and more characteristic of 'The capital city of eight scenic views'. The two places inside the capital city praised the Gods and Emperors in the same way. Outside the capital city, the two sites depict the comfortable lives of the people who are governed by the emperor and depicting the village landscape around the city. In the end, it can be seen that most of the Beijing-Palgyeong are related to imperial palaces and emperors. If you look at the physical landscape of Beijing-Palgyeong by element, it mainly contains the contents of national management and the emperor's eulogy. Qianlong Emperor established the Beijing-Palgyeong in 1751 through the construction of a monument. A four-character on the front of the monument, and inscribed with a seven-word written by the person on the back. It can be said that Qianlong Emperor's Beijing-Palgyeong were intended to show off the results of Manchurian rule through the material symbol of the monument. Beijing-Palgyeong have been transformed into a landmark, and modern people use it as an indicator of the Beijing-Palgyeong.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.6
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• pp.683-694
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• 2003

We present X-tree Diff, a change detection algorithm for tree-structured data. Our work is motivated by need to monitor massive volume of web documents and detect suspicious changes, called defacement attack on web sites. From this context, our algorithm should be very efficient in speed and use of memory space. X-tree Diff uses a special ordered labeled tree, X-tree, to represent XML/HTML documents. X-tree nodes have a special field, tMD, which stores a 128-bit hash value representing the structure and data of subtrees, so match identical subtrees form the old and new versions. During this process, X-tree Diff uses the Rule of Delaying Ambiguous Matchings, implying that it perform exact matching where a node in the old version has one-to one corrspondence with the corresponding node in the new, by delaying all the others. It drastically reduces the possibility of wrong matchings. X-tree Diff propagates such exact matchings upwards in Step 2, and obtain more matchings downwsards from roots in Step 3. In step 4, nodes to ve inserted or deleted are decided, We aldo show thst X-tree Diff runs on O(n), woere n is the number of noses in X-trees, in worst case as well as in average case, This result is even better than that of BULD Diff algorithm, which is O(n log(n)) in worst case, We experimented X-tree Diff on reat data, which are about 11,000 home pages from about 20 wev sites, instead of synthetic documets manipulated for experimented for ex[erimentation. Currently, X-treeDiff algorithm is being used in a commeercial hacking detection system, called the WIDS(Web-Document Intrusion Detection System), which is to find changes occured in registered websites, and report suspicious changes to users.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.53-62
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• 2018

Follofwing the accelerating speed-up of trains and rising demand for large-volume transfer capacity, not only in Korea, but also around the world, track structures for trains have been improving consistently. Precast concrete slab track (PST), a concrete structure track, was developed as a system that can fulfil new safety and economic requirements for railroad traffic. The purpose of this study is to provide the information required for the development and design of the system in the future, by analyzing the behavior of each structural member of the PST system. The stress distribution result for different combinations of appropriate loads according to the KRL-2012 train load and KRC code was analyzed by conducting a three-dimensional finite element analysis, while the result for different thicknesses of the grouting layer is also presented. Among the structural members, the largest stress took place on the grouting layer. The stress changed sensitively following the thickness and the combination of loads. When compared with a case of applying only a vertical KRL-2012 load, the stress increased by 3.3 times and 14.1 times on a concrete panel and HSB, respectively, from the starting load and temperature load. When the thickness of the grouting layer increased from 20 mm to 80 mm, the stress generated on the concrete panel decreased by 4%, while the stress increased by 24% on the grouting layer. As for the cracking condition, tension cracking was caused locally on the grouting layer. Such a result indicates that more attention should be paid to the flexure and tension behavior from horizontal loads rather than from vertical loads when developing PST systems. In addition, the safety of each structural member must be ensured by maintaining the thickness of the grouting layer at 40 mm or more.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-136
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• 1994

Contemporary global space economy is so dynamic that any one specific structural force can not explain the whole dynamic processes or trajectories of spatial industrial development. The major purpose of this paper is extending the traditional notion of industrial districts to functioning and development of new industrial districts with relation to the development of high technology industries. Several dynamic forces, which are dominated in new industrial districts in the modern space economy, are incorporated in the formation and dynamic aspects of new industrial districts. Even though key forces governing Marshallian industrial district are localization of small firms, division of labor between firms, constructive cooperation, and industrial atmosphere, Marshall points out a possibility of growing importance of large firms and non-local networks in the districts with changes of external environments. Some of Italian industrial districts can be regarded as Marshallian industrial districts in broader context, but the role of local authorities or institutions and local embeddedness seem to be more important in the Italian industrial districts. More critical implication form the review of Marshallian industrial districts and Italian industrial districts is that the industrial districts are not a static concept but a dynamic one: small firm based industrial districts can be regarded as only a specific feature evolved over time. Dynamic aspects of new industrial districts are resulting from coexistence of contrasting forces governing the functioning and formation of the districts in contemporary global space economy. The contrasting forces governing new industrial districts are coexistence of flexible and mass production systems, local and global networks, local and non-local embeddedness, and small and large firms. Because of these coexistence of contrasting forces, there are various types of new industrial districts. Nine types of industrial districts are identified based on local/non-local networks and intensity of networks in both suppliers and customers linkages. The different types of new industrial districts are described by differences in production systems, embeddedness, governance, cooperation and competition, and institutional factors. Out of nine types of industrial districts, four types - Marshallian; suppliers hub and spoke; customers hub and spoke; and satellite - are regarded as distinctive new industrial districts and four additional types - advanced hub and spoke types (suppliers and customers) and mature satellites (suppliers and customers) - can be evolved from the distinctive types and may be regarded as hybrid types. The last one - pioneering high technology industrial district - can be developed from the advanced hub and spoke types and this type is a most advanced modern industrial district in the era of globalization and high technology. The dynamic aspects of the districts are related with the coexistence of the contrasting forces in the contemporary global space economy. However, the development trajectory is not a natural one and not all the industrial districts can develop to the other hybrid types. Traditionally, localization of industries was developed by historical chances. In the process of high technology industrial development in contemporary global space economy, however, policy and strategies are critical for the formation and evolution of new industrial districts. It needs formation of supportive tissues of institutions for evolution of dyamic pattern of high technology related new industrial districts. Some of the original distinctive types of new industrial districts can not follow the path or trajectory suggested in this paper and may be declined without advancing, if there is no formation of supportive social structure or policy. Provision of information infrastructure and diffusion of an entrepreneurship through the positive supports of local government, public institutions, universities, trade associations and industry associations are important for the evolution of the dynamic new industrial districts. Reduction of sunk costs through the supports for training and retraining of skilled labor, the formation of flexible labor markets, and the establishment of cheap and available telecommunication networks is also regarded as a significant strategies for dynamic progress of new industrial districts in the era of high technology industrial development. In addition, development of intensive international networks in production, technology and information is important policy issue for formation and evolution of the new industrial districts which are related with high technology industrial development.