• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.494-498
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• 2006

An increase in variance (overdispersion) can occur when a binomial statistical analysis is applied to sensory difference test data in which replicate sensory evaluations (tastings) and multiple evaluators (judges) are combined to increase the sample size. Such a practice can cause extensive Type I errors, leading to serious misinterpretations of the data, especially when traditional simple binomial analysis is applied. Alternatively, the use of beta binomial analysis will circumvent the problem of overdispersion. This brief review discusses the uses and computation methodology of beta binomial analysis and in practice evidence for the occurrence of overdispersion.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-161
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• 2019

In this article, we suggest the following approaches to simultaneous variable selection and outlier detection. First, we determine possible candidates for outliers using properties of an intercept estimator in a difference-based regression model, and the information of outliers is reflected in the multiple regression model adding mean shift parameters. Second, we select the best model from the model including the outlier candidates as predictors using stochastic search variable selection. Finally, we evaluate our method using simulations and real data analysis to yield promising results. In addition, we need to develop our method to make robust estimates. We will also to the nonparametric regression model for simultaneous outlier detection and variable selection.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.601-610
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• 1999

Crossover design is officially except for special occasions recommended by KFDA and FDA for assessing Bioequivalence between two drugs one for reference and the other for innovator. Such design is regarded as a special case of latin square split-polt or repeated measurement design and its main difference with other designing methods is that each subject in an experiment is exposed two drugs in sequence. Therefore general statistical analysis is not suitable since the model for this experiment includes carryover effect in addition to period and sequence effect. in this paper analysis for crossover model with two drugs and its interpretation are mainly discussed and an example is given for illustration.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1161-1168
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• 2011

The approximation for the distribution functions of nonparametric test statistics is a significant step in statistical inference. A rank sum test for dispersions proposed by Ansari and Bradley (1960), which is widely used to distinguish the variation between two populations, has been considered as one of the most popular nonparametric statistics. In this paper, the statistical tables for the distribution of the nonparametric Ansari-Bradley statistic is produced by use of polynomially adjusted normal approximation as a semi parametric density approximation technique. Polynomial adjustment can significantly improve approximation precision from normal approximation. The normal-polynomial density approximation for Ansari-Bradley statistic under finite sample sizes is utilized to provide the statistical table for various combination of its sample sizes. In order to find the optimal degree of polynomial adjustment of the proposed technique, the sum of squared probability mass function(PMF) difference between the exact distribution and its approximant is measured. It was observed that the approximation utilizing only two more moments of Ansari-Bradley statistic (in addition to the first two moments for normal approximation provide) more accurate approximations for various combinations of parameters. For instance, four degree polynomially adjusted normal approximant is about 117 times more accurate than normal approximation with respect to the sum of the squared PMF difference.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.379-402
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the comparative effects of Apitoxin(0.1% bee venom 0.1cc) & Acupuncture therapy on the knee joint arthritis induced by 0.1% carrageenin solution at Rt. knee joint in rats. After carrageenin injection, the apitoxin was injected for two times (Experimental group I : 1 & 24hours later, Experimental group II : 48 & 72hours later) into the corresponding loci to Rt. $ST_{35}$(Group 3) & $EX-LE_4$(group 4) of the human body in rats. Acupuncture therapy was done same as above. And then the comparative effects of apitoxin and acupuncture therapy on the knee joint arthritis were estimated by the WBC count, RBC count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level and ASO titer in serum. The results were summerized as follows : 1. The effects of apitoxin & acupuncture on WBC count showed remarkable decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. There were not any statistical difference from apitoxin and acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test. 2. The effect of apitoxin on RBC count showed noticeable decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. The acupuncture was not showed decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. There were not any statistical difference from apitoxin and acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test. 3. The effects of apitoxin & acupuncture on hemoglobin level showed noticeable decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. There were not any statistical difference from apitoxin and acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test. 4. The effect of apitoxin on hematocrit level showed noticeable decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. The acupuncture was not showed decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in both experimental group I & experimental group II. There were not any statistical difference from apitoxin and acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test. 5. The effect of apitoxin on ASO titer showed noticeable decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group only in experimental group I. The apitoxin & acupuncture showed decrease at group 3 & group 4 as compared with the control group in experimental group II. There were significantly statistical difference from apitoxin and acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test. The effect of apitoxin showed slightly decrease as compared with the acupuncture therapy by Duncan's multiple range test.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.516-530
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• 1999

The current clinical technique for occlusal vertical dimension recording is based on marking the skin reference points on the patient's face and measuring between these points using caliper-like device. And it is difficult to achieve reliable measurements by this technique because of movable soft tissue. The purpose of this study is to reveal the stability of skin reference points by comparing the relative movement between extra-oral skin reference points and intra-oral reference points using X-ray fluoroscope. 10 test subjects were divided into 2 groups : Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture-wearer whose vertical dimension was lost) and Group III consists of identical test subjects to Group II with their upper denture removed and record base inserted. Attaching the 3 mm diameter steel ball to nose tip, lower lip, chin and to existing denture (or record base), fluoroscopic examination and recording were taken during 2 jaw opening and closing movements. After subsequent digitization using personal computer, 1219 still pictures with 0.1 second interval were made. Using the 2 dimensional graphic software, measurements between reference points were executed. Dividing the entire jaw movement into 3 ranges (total, 1st half opening, 2nd half opening), rate of movement and relative movement between extra-oral and intra-oral reference points were calculated and statistically analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. 1 Within the same experimental group, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between lower lip point and chin point during total range of jaw opening and closing movement (p>.05) 2. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture wearer) (p<.05) Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group II. 3. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I and Group III (record base wearer) (p<.05). Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group III. 4. In the first half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between Group II and Group III (p>.05). 5. In the second half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between any experimental groups (p>.05). 6. In patients with their occlusal vertical dimension lost, employing other measuring references rather than skin is recommended because of low stability.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.241-255
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• 2001

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which compares the level of postpartum women's physical, phychological, neurosensory fatigue between rooming-in and non rooming-in groups. The data were collected by using self-report questionnaire from April 1 to May 31, 2001. Subjects were 68 mothers who opted the rooming-in choice and 98 mothers who did not choose the rooming-in at one hospital in Seoul, Korea. They all had NSVD. The research questionnaire consisted of 36 items on general chracteristics and 30 items on postpartum fatigue developed by Pugh (1993). The data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 window program. The results of this study were as follow: 1. There was significant statistical difference in general characteristics between rooming-in and non rooming-in groups in prenatal class attendance ($x^2$=3.935, p=0.047), maternal fetal attachment score (t=2.130, p=0.035), husband attendance during the labor and delivery ($x^2$=9.147, p=0.002), breast feeding ($x^2$=12.503, p=0.000), and self feeding time including bottle feeding (t=4.588, p=0.000). 2. There was no significant statistical difference in the level of total fatigue score between two groups (t=0.282, p=0.780). 3. The physical and neurosensory fatigue scores were slightly higher in rooming-in group ($21.63{\pm}4.92$, $18.53{\pm}4.60$) than those ($20.71{\pm}5.78$, $18.23{\pm}5.39$) of non rooming-in group. And the phychological fatigue score was slightly higher in non rooming-in group ($17.67{\pm}4.95$) than that ($17.04{\pm}4.63$) of rooming-in group. However, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of three sub-dimension fatigue between two groups (t=1.068, p=0.287; t=-0.827, p=0.410; t=0.368, p=0.714). 4. Even after controlling characteristics showed significant differences between two groups, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of fatigue between two groups (F=0.135, p=0.714). According to this study, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of postpartum fatigue whether they were rooming-in or not. Based on this result, the common notion of rooming-in mothers will be more fatigue than non rooming-in mothers is proved to be false. However, it is necessary to develop appropriate nursing interventions to meet the need of mothers who decide to rooming-in.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.273-285
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• 2009

Statement of problem: The aim of dental research is to advance scientific knowledge and leads to improvement in the treatment and prevention of dental disease. Utilizing an effective research design and adequate statistical methods are essential procedures ensuring that the results of researches are based on evidences. A research should utilize proper statistical methods without statistical errors; Otherwise, it could adversely affect clinical practice and future research. Purpose: This study was made to investigate the statistical methods used in the Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics (JKAP) and then to assess them for the statistical errors. Material and methods: Among the total of 399 articles in the JKAP published from 2000 to 2006, 292 articles using statistics were reviewed. The validity of the statistical methods used in them were assessed using a checklist based on the guideline for statistical reporting in the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The checklist consisted of three categories of statistical errors: 1) Unspecified computer statistical packages, 2) Inadequate description of statistical methods, 3) Misuse of statistical terms. Then, the results were compared between the Korean version and the English version in the JKAP. Results: Among the 212 articles using statistics in the Korean version, 115 articles (54%) and among the 80 articles using statistics in the English version, 47 articles (59%) were shown to have unspecified computer statistical packages without statistically significant difference (P = .66). Likewise, 101 articles (48%) in the Korean version and 25 articles (31%) in the English version were shown to have the inadequate description of statistical methods without statistically significant difference (P = .09). However, 114 articles (54%) in the Korean version and 19 articles (24%) in the English version were shown to have the misuse of statistical terms with statistically significant difference (P = .01). Conclusion: Some of the articles in the JKAP had inadequate statistical validity, given the statistical errors identified in this assessment. Hence, dental researchers should be more careful when it comes to describing and applying statistical methods.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.163-186
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to propose the policy change of teachers education in Korea with an analysis of America statistical literacy education. we found the difference of statistical literacy education between Korea and America with each nation's social and educational environment. We can get the need of new change for statistic teacher's education in Korea. We think of Mathematics teachers should know about the difference between statistics and mathematics at school mathematics. And they should know the new change thinking about teaching method and process assesment methods. Second, Teachers should focused on teaching of problem solving and statistical thinking ability based on data analysis than the teaching of probability and mathematical theory.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to test the difference of sitting balance control between a normal group and a group of patients with low back pain when their eyes were opened or closed. The 30 subjects of the control group had been chosen from healthy individuals who fit into the pre-designed criteria, and the 30 subjects of the experimental group were composed of the patients with LBP who had their treatment from S hospital from september 1, 2002, to October 30, 2002, and the subjects were measured by static balance test by using a balance performance monitor(BPM). Static balance test was done twice for each subject with his or her eyes opened and closed. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS/PC using unpaired T-Test, Pained T-Test and multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. In static balance test, normal group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity, but showed statistical significance in mean balance with eyes opened and eyes dosed(P<.05) 2. In static balance test, LBP group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), mean balance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity with eyes opened and eyes dosed 3. With eyes opened, the comparison between the normal group and the LBP group showed statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), mean valance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity(p<.05). With eyes closed, normal group and LBP group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior and Right), sway area, but showed statistical significance in sway angle(Posterior and Left), mean balance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity(p<.05) In conclusion, there was a significant difference in static sitting balance between normal group and LBP patients group. For future studies, I strongly suggest that researches be done on the treatment with LBP by predicting changes of postures and manipulating them.