• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2006

Seed priming is a useful technique for early establishment of seedling. In this experiment, the conditions for priming of pasture seeds (tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa and white clover) have been optimized to ensure an early germination and more uniform growth of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of five different materials such as $KNO_3,\;KH_2PO_4,\;K_3PO_4,\;Ca(NO_3){_2}$ and PEG. The subplots were consisted of three chemical concentration groups such as 500mM (or 10%), 100mM (or 20%) and 200mM (or 30%). Effect of priming materials and its concentrations were different in all four pasture seeds examined. Chemical concentration did not show any significant effects on the germination of tall fescue, however, germination of tall fescue primed with $Ca(NO_3){_2}\;and\;K_3PO_4$ materials were higher than the others. The concentration of prime materials did not affect on the germination of orchardgrass, but germination of orchardgrass primed with $KH_2PO_4$ was showed better result than the other materials examined. The seeds of alfalfa and white clover primed with PEG showed better germination capability than the other priming materials. In addition, chemical concentration of primed seeds also showed significant difference on the germination of alfalfa and white clover. These results suggest that seed priming induced earlier and higher germination for all four pastures tested. However, the, degree of priming effectiveness on pasture species depending on the priming materials and its concentrations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2008

Seed priming is an useful technique for increasing germination and early establishment of seedlings. In this experiment, the conditions for priming of pasture seeds (tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa and white clover) have been optimized to ensure an early germination and more uniform growth of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of four different priming duration such as 2, 4, 6 and 8 days for grass, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 days for legume. The subplots were consisted of three priming temperature such as 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$. Effects of priming duration and temperature were different in all four pasture seeds examined. The germination of primed grass (tall fescue and orchardgrass) was the highest on 6 days in priming duration, whereas that of legume (alfalfa and white clover) was the highest on 2 days. In priming temperature, the germination of primed orchradgrass increased as decreasing temperature, however that of legume increased as increasing temperature. These results suggest that seed priming induced earlier and higher germination for all four pastures tested. However, the degree of priming effectiveness on pasture species depending on the priming duration and its temperature.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different sowing dates and cultivars on the forage yield and quality of winter rye (Secale cereale L.). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two sowing dates such as early (15 September) and late (30 September). The subplots consisted of rye cultivars of five different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak' (Late), 'Koolgrazer' (Early), 'Danko' (Late), 'Homil22' (Medium) and 'Olhomi1' (Early). Dry matter (DM) content at early sowing (19.7%) was higher than those at late sowing (17.8%), while crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents at early sowing (16.6% and 61.6%) were lower than those at late sowing (16.8% and 63.1%). Although DM content of early maturing cultivars (Koolgrazer and Olhomi1) was higher than the other cultivars, CP and TDN contents of those were lower compared to other cultivars. The contents of fiber components (ADF, NDF and cellulose) at early sowing were higher than those at late sowing, while ADL and hemicellulose at early sowing were lower than those at late sowing. ADF and cellulose of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars, while ADL and hemicellulose of Danko were higher than that of the other cultivars. DM, CP, In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and TDN yields at early sowing were higher than those at late sowing, and early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars. Results of this study indicate that forage production technology in combination with early sowing and use of early maturing rye cultivar could enhance both production and quality of rye.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 1985

This trial was carried out to find out the optimum ridge and seeding rate for the seed production of Festuca arundinacea S. (variety Alta). It was composed of three ridge level (12, 18 and 24cm) and four seeding rates (10, 15, 20 and 25kg/ha) in a split-plot design with 4 replications. The experiment lasted from September 1979 to October 1981. 1. The beginning of heading state was May 12 and the date of full flowering stage was June 2. The optimum stage for the seed harvesting of Festuca arundinacea was about 43 days after beginning of heading stage. 2. The number of panicles were 157 per square meter from the best treatment 18cm ridge with 15kg seed/ha. And the 1000 grain weight was 2.79g for the treatment 12cm ridge with 10kg seed/ha. 3. The average seed yield for two years was 681kg/ha and the largest 831kg/ha for the treatment 18cm ridge with 25kg seed/ha. 4. the average germination rate of the harvested seed was 90.7 percent, and it showed a little higher germination rate from the lower level of seeding rate. 5. The average total DM production with two cuttings of aftermath was about 6715kg/ha. According to the increasing seeding rate and narrowing the ridge, DM yield was higher.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 1986

Germination and seedling elongation of soybeans [cult. ‘Williams’] were measured at two temperatures (15 and 3$0^{\circ}C$), three seed water contents (30, 50, and 70%), and with and without polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG) treatments. A split-plot design was used with four replications. Observations were made from two hours to eight days for each treatment combination. Seeds were soaked with 30% PEG solution with 0.2% thiram at 15 C for six days, rinsed with deionized water and dried at 25.5$^{\circ}C$ for three days. Ten treated or untreated seeds were placed on Whatman No. I (9 cm) filter paper in plastic petridishes to which sufficient deionized water was added to adjust seed moisture content to the desired level. The dishes were then sealed with parafilm and placed in a continuous programmed temperature chamber under dark condition. Seedling growth did not occur at either temperature when moisture content was 50 percent or less. Osmo-conditioning with PEG showed positive effects on seedling moisture uptake and seedling growth at 15$^{\circ}C$ but little effect at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Seedling moisture content increased rapidly early in the germination period and reached 60% at 15 C for 56 hours and at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 28 hours. Seedling growth started when seed moisture reached a critical point of 60% at 15$^{\circ}C$, however, growth started after 20 hours of germination at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Seedlings of soybeans elongated more than four times faster at 3$0^{\circ}C$ than at 15$^{\circ}C$. Water uptake during germination was characterized by two phases in this experiment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of harvesting date on the forage yield and quality of different rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two harvesting dates 20th and 30th April. The subplots consisted of five rye cultivars from different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak (Late)'. 'Koolgrazer (Early)', 'Danko (Late)', 'Homil22 (Medium)' and 'Olhomil (Early)' Dry matter (DM) contents of 17.8% at early harvesting were lower 2.2% than at late harvesting. But crude protein (CP) of 18.9% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents of 65.5% at early harvesting were higher 2.3% and 3.0% than those at late harvesting, respectively. There were significant differences in DM, CP and TDN contents among the rye cultivars tested (p<0.05). The contents of fiber components at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting, and hemicellulose contents at early harvesting was higher than that at late harvesting. The fiber component of early maturing cultivars such as 'Koolgrazer' and 'Olhomil' were higher than those of the others. Dry matter, CP, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and TDN yields at early harvesting were lower than those at late harvesting, and the yield of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the others. In this study, the results of this study indicate that forage production technology in combination with early maturing rye cultivar and late harvesting could enhance both production and quality of rye.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the cropping system of forage crops and application of cattle slurry on productivity of forage crops and soil fertility. The field experiments were conducted on the silt clay loam at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyung-gi province in Korea for two years. This study was arranged in split plot design with three replicates. Main plots were the cropping systems, such as single crop and mixed crops. Subplots were the application rate of cattle slurry, such as 0, 150 and 300 kg N/ha. The yields of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) were hardly influenced by the cropping system, whereas DM and N yields enhanced as increasing the rates of cattle slurry application (p<0.05). The contents of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were hardly influenced by the cropping system, whereas CP content increased as increasing the rates of cattle slurry application (p<0.05). TDN was not differentially influenced by cattle slurry application. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were hardly influenced by the cropping system and application of cattle slurry. Organic matter (OM) content in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those in the beginning of the experiment. The OM content of soil was significantly increased by application of cattle slurry (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.843-851
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-wilting Bana grass (Pennisetum purpureum x P. americanum) herbage under sunny conditions for 0, 6, 18, 24, 32 and 48 h and ensiling it with maize meal. Four levels of maize meal(viz., 0, 5, 10 and 15% on fresh weight (Fw) basis) were tested. The experiment had a split-plot design. Wilting increased the concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) significantly (p<0.001) on a Fw basis, although there were no significant changes on DM basis. Unwilted grass contained $36.1g{\cdot}WSC{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}Fw$ ($127.6g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$) and this increased to $64.1g{\cdot}WSC{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}Fw$ ($116.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$) after 48 h of pre-wilting. Wilting also increased the DM content of herbage significantly (p>0.001) from 250 to $620g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, between 0 and 48 h respectively. The concentration of fermentation end-products decreased (except butyric acid) and pH increased when the period of wilting increased, indicating that fermentation was restricted. In particular, lactic acid content declined from 50.8 to $26.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$ (p<0.01) and the residual WSC contents of silage increased from 2.7 with fresh herbage to $18.1g{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}DM$ with 48 h of wilting (p<0.001). Rapid wilting for 24 h, to a DM of $450g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ was optimum since important increases in pH, residual WSC and DMD occurred at this level of wilting. Acetic acid, butyric acid and ammoniacal-N contents were lowest with 24 h of wilting. There were no significant interactions between length of wilting and the incorporation of maize meal. Wilting had a greater influence on fermentation than the incorporation of maize meal. Addition of maize meal facilitated fermentation by increasing forage DM content and reducing effluent production. In addition, the maize meal increased DMD. It was concluded that maize meal should generally be incorporated at a level of 5% on fresh weight basis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2006

This study was conducted on a commerce silt loam soil at paddy field in the southwestern Korea ($36^{\circ}N$ lat). In the study of planting time, seed were hand planted at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July, and at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July in 2005, respectively. Two seedlings plants per hill were taken prior to V3 stage. Fertilizer was applied prior to plant at a rate of 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.4 g (N - P - K) per square meter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with three replications. Yield was significantly affected by different of the planting times and cultivars. The seed yield in planting time was the highest on late in May 24 but was the lowest on July 5. Also, the plant time significantly affected on increasing pod and seed number and seed weight. The days from emergence to flowering and maturity was reducing tendency with late planting time. The highest and lowest total dry matter production per square meter appeared at late in May and early in July with planting time, respectively. RGR, LAR and SLA was increased with late planting time. Photosynthetic rate at each planting time was not significant on the expanded the highest leaf position but at seed development stage, it was higher photosynthetic rate at May 24 than that of late planting time on $7^{th}$ laef position from the basal part.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.