• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.58-66
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate control efficacy of a fermented food 'Cheonggukjang' against cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in greenhouse. Sterilized Daepung beans were inoculated with the rice straw as natural inoculum and then incubated for 72 hrs at $42^{\circ}C$ in the household cheonggkjang maker. After 72 hrs of cheonggukjang fermentation, white zymogens were grown on the surface of a sterile Daepung beans. The pH of the 72 hrs fermented soybean was not significantly changed and electrical conductivity was found to increase by about 2 times than before fermentation. The population density of soybean zymogen showed a peak of growth at 60 hrs after fermentation and the concentration of zymogen was $8.2{\times}10^7cfu/ml$. Soybean zymogen form of the colony was divided into three kinds of bacteria and a white and a large colony (WL) was predominant bacteria among those up to 60 hrs of fermentation. To control the cucumber powdery mildew, diluted solutions of cheonggukjang was applied from 6.0% to 30.0% on cucumber leaves and they showed injury symptoms on cucumber leaves in more than 15% of them. However, more than 6.0% diluted cheonggukjang solutions showed more than 77.8% control effect of cucumber powdery mildew at 15 days after treatment. The fermented bacteria of Chenggukjang were well established in the cucumber leaf area at 15 days after treatment. The antifungal activity of 10% diluted cheonggukjang solutions was excellent for four species of plant fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sclerotinia cepivorum, Rhizoctonia sloani and Phytophthora capsici in the dual culture test. Results indicated that foliar application of Cheonggukjang solution could be used for the control of powdery mildews occurring on organically cultivated cucumber.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.391-400
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• 2004

Xenotransplantation in discordant species results in immediate and irreversible hyperacute rejection due to natural antibodies, IgM. With this, antibody depletion is one option to reduce hyperacute rejection, we investigated the effect of PCPP (postcentrifugal plasmapheresis) on the depletion of natural antibodies and the effect of antibody titer on xenograft survival. Material and Method: Outbred swines (n=4) weighing 10∼20 kg were used as donors and mongrel dogs (n=4) weighing 25∼30 kg were used as recipients. Recipient canines underwent plasmapheresis (COBE TPE Laboratories, Lakewood. CO, USA). Pre-transplantation PCPP was peformed on day －2 and day 0. There were three groups (Group 0: no PCPP, Group 1: 1 pla sma-volume (PV) at day －2 and 2 PV at day 0, Group 2: 2 PV at day －2 and 2 PV at day 0). A swine heart was heterotopically transplanted into a recipient's abdominal infrarenal aorta and inferior vena cava. Mean percent depletion of total IgM and IgG in plasma of the recipients was calculated. Serum albumin, electrolyte, complement activity and coagulation factors were measured. Histopathologic examination of heart specimens was performed. Result: Mean percent depletion of IgM and IgG were 95.7$\pm$1.2%, 80.5$\pm$2.4% in the group 2 at the end of PCPP. The percent depletion of serum albumin concentration was decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 g/㎗ in the group 1 and 3.0 to 1.5 g/㎗ in the group 2. Complement hemolytic activity was decreased in group 1 and 2, but returned to normal level within 24 hours. Complement hemolytic activity was reduced to 10% of pre-PCPP level in group 2. Serum fibrinogen decreased to 20% or less and was recovered within 24 hours in group 2. Antithrombin III decreased but less than fibrinogen. PT and aPTT were sometimes but not always prolonged during plasmapheresis. After plasmapheresis, PT and aPTT were prolonged beyond the measurable level. D-dimer was not found during PCPP, but appeared and maintained from 10 minutes after trasplantation. Graft Survival time was 5 min in group 0, and it was 90$\pm$0 min in the group 2. Histopathologic changes were more typically characterized by edema, hemorrhages, thrombosis in all groups at the end of experiment. Conclusion: PCPP effectively removed immuoglobulins and reduced the titer of natural antibodies, as a result, significantly prololonged swine heart xenograft survival.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2000

This study was conducted to gain basic data for alleviation of gas emission and conservation of healthy soil environment by investigating an aspect of gas emission and microbial diversity due to the supplement of different fertilizers after application with a livestock manure compost in greenhouse soils. Green pepper was cultivated in clay loamy soil from April to August. Before planting, a livestock manure compost was applied with $741mg\;ha^{-1}$ on the basis of the phosphate content contained in compost. And then, deficient nitrogen for cropping was supplemented with either quick-acting fertilizer of urea or a controlled slow release fertilizer made from urea formaldehyde(U/F). $NH_3$ and R $NH_2$ gases emitted from soil showed a low concentration in the early stage but a maximum in 27 days after planting, then decreased rapidly and not detected after 33 days. Their average concentrations were 42% and 85% lower in the treatment of slow release fertilizer than that of urea fertilizer, respectively. $CO_2$ gas emitted under urea fertilization was ranged from 1,200 to $3,200mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and that in slow release fertilizer was $900{\sim}2,650mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$. The average concentration of urea treatment was $2,260mg{\ell}^{-1}$ and 30% higher than that of slow release fertilizer. The treatment of slow release fertilizer with the lapse of cropping time populated larger in numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, nitrate bacteria and nitrate reduction bacteria, and ratios of bacteria and actinmycetes to fungi than that of urea fertilizer. But the number of fungi was higher in the treatment of urea fertilizer and denitrifying bacteria showed a similar trend in both treatments. The microbial diversity index, which calculated with numbers of 6 species of microorganisms, was decreased with increasing of growing stage in the range of 0.1 to 0.35 and that was higher in the tratment of slow release fertilizer than urea.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.341-355
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• 1998

Thirty one morphometric characters of specimens in 15 subspecies of striped field mouse(Apodemus agrarius Pallas) from Eurasia were analyzed to clarify taxonomic status of these subspecies. Five major subgroups in A. agrarius were revealed: I, a largest-size form, specimens from two southern from other six localities in Korea, subspecies coreae and pallescens; III, the other large-size from, specimens from Astrachan in western Russia, subspecies volgensis; IV, a medium-size form, specimens from 16 localities in eastern Asia(North Korea, China, and eastern Russia), subspecies coreae, manchuricus, pallidior, ningpoensis, and insulaemus; V, a small-size form, specimens from 16 localities in western Asia and Europe (Kazakhstan, Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine), subspecies tianschanicus, ognevi, agrarius, septentrionalis, nikolski, caucasicus, and karelicus. From this morphometric analyses, the followings are concluded: subspecies chejuensis is a larger-size form, as noted by Johnson and Jones(1955): subspecies pallescens is the synonym of subspecies agrarius, as suggested by Koh(1986): subspecies coreae from Korea is a large-size form and is idistinct from other 12 subspecies in Eurasia: the eastern form of subspecies ningpoensis by Corbet(1978) is a medium-size form o subspecies manchuricus, pallidior, ningpoensis, and insulaemus from eastern Asia (China and eastern Russia), and it includea North Korea specimens: a small-size form from western Asia and Europe(subspecies tianschanicus, ognevi, agrarius, septentrionalis, nikolski, caucasicus, and karelicus) is the western form of subspecies agrarius by Corbet(1978); the other large-size form of subspecies volgensis from western Russia is a distinct subspecies, which differs from the western subspecies agrarius. Therefore, it is concluded that 15 subspecies of A. agrarius can be classifed into five subspecies (chejuensis, coreae, ningpoensis, agrarius, and volgensis), although it is necessary to measure and analyze morphometric characters of specimens of other seven subspecies(albostriatus, maculatus, rubens, kahmanni, henrici, gloveri, and harti) for the complete reclassification of this species).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 1998

The experiment was carried out to obtain basic informations on sod culture using water foxtail in apple orchard at Kyeongbuk Provincial RDA in 1996 to 1997. Period of seedling emergence varied with sowing time and accumulative temperature. Sowing at Nov. 25 required longer than 100 days, while it needed only 8 days when water foxtail was sowed at Sep. 20. In a view of accumulative temperature, sowing at March 15 needed $139^{\circ}C$ but it required about $1,000^{\circ}C$ at August 10. This result showed that the seed of water foxtail has strong summer-dormancy in natural condition. Water foxtail had s-shape growth curve during growing season, and growth rate was the highest from March to May in this period. Plant height increased 2 times and 4 times for dry weight from March 20 to April 20. However, growth was decreased by summer depression after May. Major weeds in apple orchard were horseweed, akino-nogeshi and shepherd's-purse. These species were suppressed by the dominance of water foxtail. Water foxtail as a cover plant could be used for a method of weed control instead of herbicide in apple orchard.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 1993

Differences in community space of weed and rice were investigated among five types of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. The five types employed were three transplanting cultivations such as conventional hand transplanting, machine transplanting with 30-day-old seedling, and machine transplanting with 10-day-old seedling and two direct-seedlings such as flood direct-seeded rice by pregerminated seed and dry direct-seeded rice by dry seed. The greatest competition between rice and weeds as determined by growth rate of rice was found in between 10 and 11 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and/or seeding, irrespective of cultivation types. Competition injury due to weeds was greater in transplanting with 10-day-old seedling than with 30-day-old seedling. The greatest injury in growth of rice was found in direct-seeded cultivation. In transplanting cultivations space occupation by rice in lower than 80 cm height level was low as compared with that by weeds. Plant heights of dominant weeds such as E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai were shorter by heading date, but taller after the heading date than those of rice. In direct-seeding community space was mainly occupied by the weeds. The pattern of community structure and competition injury caused by weeds showed a similar tendency obtained on the basis of species distribution, number, and dry weight of the occurred weeds.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

The Yugeum deposit in Youngduk in Gyungsangbuk-do is emplaced in the Cretaceous granitoids located in the Northeastem Gyeongsang Basin. Gold-bearing quartz veins filling the fracture with a direction of $N19^{\circ}{\sim}38^{\circ}W$ are most abundantly distributed within the Younghae granodiorite body. The formation of quartz veins can be classified into three main stages: barren quartz stage, auriferous quartz vein stage, and finally the extensive sulfide mineralization stage. Various sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite were precipitated during the hydrothermal gold mineralization process. Gold commonly occurs as fine-grained electrum in sulfides with high Au concentration (up to 93 wt%) compared to Ag. During the early gold mineralization stage, the temperature and pressure of the fluids are in the range of $220{\sim}250^{\circ}C$ and 730~1800 bar, and the oxygen fugacity is between $10^{-27}$ and $10^{-31.7}$ atm. On the other hand, the fluids of the late stage mineralization are characterized by temperature of $290{\sim}350^{\circ}C$ and pressure of 206~472 bar, and the oxygen fugacity is in the range of $10^{-26.3}{\sim}10^{-28.6}$ atm. The sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals are in the range of $0.2{\sim}4.2^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$, while the ${\delta}^{34}SH_2S$ values range from 1.0 to $3.7^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$. The Ag/Au atomic ratios of electrum ranges from 0.15 to 1.10, and Au content is higher than Ag in most electrum. During the main gold mineralization stage at the relatively high temperature condition and with pH from 4.5 to 5.5, the stability of ${AuCl_2}^-$ increased while the stability of ${Au(HS)_2}^-$ decreased. Considering the pressure estimated in this deposit, the temperature of the ore fluid reached higher than $350^{\circ}C$ and ${AuCl_2}^-$ became an important species for the gold transportation. As mineralization proceeded with decreasing temperature and increasing pH and $f_{o2}$, the precipitation of sulfide minerals and accompanying electrum occurred.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2001

A strain of Dictyophora echinovolvata ASI 32002 showing good fruiting body formation was selected. Analyses of chemical and nutritional components as well as antimicrobial activity of different parts of the mushroom such as mycelium, egg, and fruiting body were carried out. There were differences in the chemical compositions and the quantities depending on developmental stages of veiled lady mushroom, D. echinovolvata ASI 32002. Nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium in inorganic chemicals were abundant in mycelium, and potassium and mineral elements were abundant in the egg and fruiting body. Mannitol and trehalose were abundant in free sugar contents. Glutamic acid and arginine in mycelium and aspartic acid and glutamic acid in egg and fruiting body were abundant in free amino acid contents. Linoleic acid, an polyunsaturated fatty acid, was abundant in all parts of the Dictyophora species, but compositions and quantities of other fatty acids varied depending on the different parts of the mushroom. It was detected that malic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid in mycelium, formic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid in egg, and malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid in fruiting body were abundant. The methanol extracts of D. echinovolvata ASI 32002 mycelium showed antifungal activity with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of $62{\sim}125\;{\mu}g/ml$ that was similar levels of cyclohexamide against Aspergillus awamori, Hypocrea nigricance and Trichoderma virens. The MIC of extracts from mycelium and fruiting body against Candida albicans was $250\;{\mu}g/ml$, similar to that of tetracycline. In addition to the above results, further as food additives and ingredient of cosmetics.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.777-783
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• 2006

Purpose : Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most frequent infections in children. E. coli is the most frequent etiological micropathogen in pediatric community UTI, and E. coli has developed resistance to many antibiotics, highlighting the need for regular surveys of this organism resistant patterns in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the oral antibiotic susceptibility patterns of E. coli, isolated from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI. Methods : E. coli isolates, obtained from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI between October in 2004 to September in 2005. And minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of oral aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibnitors(ampicillin, amoxacillin, ampicillin-sulbactam), oral cephalosporins(cefaclor, cefixime) and sulfa drug(trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole) were performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS) guide line. Results : Total 211 organisms were isolated from pediatric out-patients with community UTI. E. coli was the most common organism(89 percent), followed by E. fecalis, Proteus species, S. aureus, M. morganii, and P. aeruginosa. The resistant rates of aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors, cefaclor and sulfa drug to E. coli were very high. But, the resistant rate of cefixime was markedly low, and ESBL strains were isolated with small rates. Conclusion : Our study results suggest that aminopenicillins, cefaclor and sulfa drug may not be useful as first line empirical antibiotics to treat pediatric patients with community UTI in Korea. But, 3rd generation cephalosporin such as cefixime can be used as effective second line antibiotics after primary treatment failure, also may be useful as an empirical first line antibiotic. Finally, we conclude that a continuous surveillance study to monitor susceptibility patterns of E. coli in community UTI will be needed for the standard guide lines of empirical oral antibiotic treatment.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

Virion captured reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (VC/RT-PCR) could detect plant virus quickly and accurately. In the VC/RT-PCR, no antibody is needed unlike immuno-captured RT-PCR (IC/RT-PCR) which had been improved method of RT-PCR for plant viruses, and virus nucleic acids can be obtained easily within 30minutes by property of polypropylene PCR tube which is hold and immobilized viral particles on its surface. For the virion capture of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the extraction buffer was tested. The optimum macerating buffer for TSWV was 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium sulfite. The viral crude sap was incubated for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. The virions in the PCR tubes were washed two times with 0.01M PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The washed virions were treated at $95^{\circ}C$ immediately for 1 min containing RNase free water and chilled quickly in the ice. Disclosed virions' RNAs by heat treatment were used for RT-PCR. Dilution end point of $10^{-5}$ from plant's crude sap infected with TSWV showed relatively higher detection sensitivity for VC/RT-PCR. During multiple detection using two or more primers, interference was arisen by interactions between primer-primer and plant species. The result of multiplex RT-PCR was influenced by combinations of primers and the kind of plant, and the optimum extraction buffer for the multiplex detection by VC/RT-PCR should be developed.