• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of fashion leaders in relation to attitude toward change and socioeconomic level among Dae Gu woman as well as among rural women living on the suburbs of Dae Gu: and to compare the characteristics of these urban women in a mass society with the rural women living in a traditional society. Measures selected for this study consisted of the Schrank Fashion Opinion Leadership Inventory(1973), the Schrank ana Sugawara Attitudes Toward Change Inventory(1977), and socioeconomic level. The fashion Innovation Inventory was developed by author which consisted of a list of clothing and accessory items selected after surveys to local stores, campus, and main streets, and study of fashion magazines for the current seasons. The data from 280 respondents were analyzed by Pearson corrleation coefficients, analysis of variance, and t-test. The results were as followers : 1) A significant relationship was found between fashion leadership and socioeconomic level for both urban and rural women. High attitude toward change was significantly related to high fashion innovativeness and high fashion opinion leadership among the urban groups. re significant relationship was found between fashion opinion leadership and attitude toward change among the rural sample. 2) A significant difference was found in attitude toward change scores of four urban sub-sample groups : fashion innovators, fashion opinion leaders, fashion innovative communicators(who exhibit high scores on both fashion innovativeness and fashion opinion leader-ship), and non-fashion innovative communicators. No significant difference was found in attitude toward change scores of four rural sub-sample groups. No significant differences were found in socioeconomic level of four sub-sample groups for both urban and rural women.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine change in adolescent depression across time and to determine the relation between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and depression. Methods: This study employed multilevel latent growth analysis using longitudinal data from Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. A sample of this study consists of 2,351 adolescents who were in first grade of middle school in 2010. Results: Results showed that both initial level and downward trajectory of depression varied significantly across individuals as well as across neighborhoods. On the individual level, self-rated economic condition(b=-0.203, p<.001) was related to the initial level of depression. Adolescents whose father had a high educational level(b=0.028, p<.001) or whose mother had a low educational level(b=-0.022, p=.011) had lower rates of decline in adolescent depression. On the neighborhood level, neighborhood deprivation index (b=0.003, p=.019) and gini coefficient(b=0.124, p=.040) were associated with lower rates of decline in depression. Conclusions: Low SES in adolescence is correlated with worse mental health, especially depression. Social disparities in depression likely originate before adulthood. The findings argue for the importance of understanding depression in adolescence from a multilevel or ecological framework.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to prepare basic data to set the support direction for low-income households in a socioeconomic crisis situation. The study examined the effect of socioeconomic deprivation experience on the longitudinal changes in family conflict and family relationship satisfaction of low-income households. Using five-year data from the 10th to 14th sessions of the Korean Welfare Panel, we examined the longitudinal changes in family conflict and family relationship satisfaction, and the effect of socioeconomic deprivation experience from the reponses of 803 low-income households. We found that the family conflict of low-income households decreased to a weak level with the change of time, and the rate of change in family relationship satisfaction was not meaningful. In the case of families who experienced early socioeconomic deprivation, their initial value of family conflict was higher than that of inexperienced households, and the rate of change was not significant. The results of this study show that when low-income households experience socioeconomic deprivation, they feel psychological pressure and an increase in family anxiety, resulting in high family conflict and low family relationship satisfaction. On the basis of the study results, we recommend extending economic and social assistance to low-income households in the current socioeconomic crisis. The state is also encouraged to help families manage conflicts on their own and resolve problems.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1995

This study examines the socioeconomic returns to agricultural research and extension services in Korea, using multivariate time series technique and Akino-Hyami formula. Results find that the socioeconomic returns are quite competitive in case of agricultural research with 44.82% internal rate of return and very high in case of extension services with 207.82% internal rate of return. Agricultural production responds to the agricultural research shock about four years after the shock. The magnitudes of the impacts increase until a peak is reached nine years after the initial expenditures and the impacts declines to a zero level after about twenty years. This lag lengths are consistent to the usual literature on research, which finds lags of seven to thirty years. Agricultural production responds to an agricultural extension shock immediately and declines to a zero level after about four years. Thus, the lag lengths are much shorter than those by research shock.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2008

The study analyzes divorce rates in Korea and makes suggestions for the future research of divorce rates. Based on the data from Korea Statistical Information System (KOSIS) of the National Statistics Organization, trends for divorce rates change and the relations between divorce rates and macro environmental factors are analyzed. Macro environmental factors include socioeconomic factors such as, Korean War, Vietnam War, oil shock, IMP economic crisis and gross national income (GNI), whereas demographical factors include population structure, rates of female labor participation, and geographical location. The principle characteristics of divorce rates are as follows: 1) the Crude divorce rates (CDR) and the number of divorced had been increased from 1970 to 2004, then the trend changed to a decrease; 2) the slope of the change were the highest during 1998 to 2004 after the IMP economic crisis. The relations between socioeconomic factors are as follows: 1) during the war there was a small increase of CDR for a short period of time; 2) the economic crisis of the nation tend to increase the CDR, while the IMP economic crisis had a strong impact on an increase of CDR because of the interaction effect among the population structure, women's sex role changes as well as the level of standard of living. The increase in CDR from 1990 to 2000 can be explained partly by the population of baby Boomers passing through their marriage and divorce process. The number of population residing in the rural area and the middle class households, and the mobility of population also had an impact on the divorce rates changes. The recommendations for the future research were as follows: 1) the need to develop new divorce statistics that are based on a marriage cohort or a birth cohort because family behavior is a mixture of personal, social and political responses, and because CDR is not an accurate measure of divorce rate since it was influenced by population structure; 2) the need to include micro personal factors as well as macro social factors in a model to find an interaction effect between those variables.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.97-116
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• 1988

This study examines the socioeconomic determinants of fertility behavior in Korea by developing a model which simultaneously takes into account both individual and community-level differences. It especially focuses on the micro-macro nexus of fertility behavior depending on social contexts. This study utilizes micro data obtained from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey(KNFS), and macro data obtained from Korean government statistics. The framework of the model is formalized as a set of structural equations modelling the fertility process. The model is formed on a cohort-specific processual basis and is restricted to five-year birth cohorts. Three cohorts of women are studied : those aged 30-34, 35-39, and 40-44. The model includes three fertility-process components : age at first birth, early fertility, and later fertility, which are defined by reference to the age of the mother. The results of this study indicate that socioeconomic development in Korea results in increased age at first birth and reduced numbers of children per couple. In addition to the developmental change, Korea's fertility decline is found to be facilitated by family planning programs. As expected, the effect of family planning on fertility is greater among better-educated women than among poorly educated women. The inconsistent but suggestive result, however, is that the effect of socioeconomic development on fertility is greater among less-privileged women than among more-previleged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1132-1146
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the eating habits and dietary consciousness of urban residents according to socioeconomic characteristics. The survey was administered by the nationwide 690 adults in February 2001. The survey was conducted by a questionnaire that was composed of 20 items. The results of this study show that 56.8% of the subjects had breakfast everyday and majority of them ate cooked rice (57.4%) or rice with mixed grain and bean (33.0%) as stable food for breakfast. 73.6% of the subjects ate out less than 5 times a month and, most of them preferred Korean dishes to Western dishes. The majority of the subjects had a meal regularly and they ate dinner abundantly with gusto compared to breakfast and lunch. Mean values of preference (5 point scales) for snack, salty and hot taste, and processed food were 3.07±0.89, 2.75±0.83, 3.28±0.90, 2.69±0.84 respectively. Interest (4 point scales) in eating safe and fresh food, balanced diet, and overeating calorieㆍsugarㆍsaltㆍfat were 3.26±0.66, 2.83±0.70, 2.89±0.75, respectively. As the purpose of eating, 44.8% of the subjects placed emphasis to supply nutrition but 16.6% put emphasis on physiologic desire. About half of the subjects needed to change their own eating habits. As improvement of their eating habits, the majority of them answered ‘balanced diet’. There were significant differences in eating habits and dietary consciousness of the subjects by socioeconomic characteristics. As the age goes down and education level goes up, they had wrong eating habits generally. For occupation, housewives had right eating habits but students were not. For interest in food and nutrition, male, 20' age-group, students and over college graduation group were worse than the other groups within each socioeconomic characteristic. Consequently, nutrition education for them is needed preferentially, also their socioeconomic characteristics must be considered in nutrition education.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.407-439
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• 2010

Growth of researches addressing cross-culture in international business is exponential. This article reviews the extant researches around the national culture and describes the various conceptualization of culture through discussion of some of popular models of national culture. This article presented some of the most important issues in international business surrounding globalization, especially convergence and divergence of cultures and cultural changes. Global rapid changes in international business environment request the reconsideration of the assumption of cultural stability and the simple view of culture, which tends to examine the static influence of a few cultural factors in isolation form other cultural factors and contextual elements. This paper identifies a valid cultural grouping and proposes the following typology of the possible methodologies in international business; Ethnological description, Use of proxies, Direct values inference, and Indirect values inference. Rather than selecting a single methodology, it appears to be more appropriate to use multi-method in the cross-cultural international business research. It has been shown that cultural change is intertwined with socioeconomic-institutional variables, and that these variables may also add to determine culture contemporarily. This paper also explained the dynamics of culture as multi-level, multi-layer constructs. According to this model, we may understand how the dynamic nature of culture conveys the top-down-bottom-up processes where one cultural level affects changes in other level of culture.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.301-313
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• 2021

This study was conducted on 253 artists for a month from April 19, 2020 to study the influence and countermeasures of COVID-19. The analysis results are as follows. First, as a result of frequency analysis, the timing of the occurrence of COVID-19 and the period of the decrease in artist's artistic activities were consistent, and the subjective socioeconomic level perceived by the artist was degraded from COVID-19. Second, as a result of the multivariate variance analysis, the income level and employment environment of artists affected the variables associated with COVID-19. Third, as a result of the hierarchical analysis analysis, the income level and the socioeconomic level changes due to COVID-19, and concerns about COVID-19 infections, have been shown to have had a significant impact on the level of stress felt by artists. Fourth, as a result of qualitative research, the artist reported that he was experiencing economic and psychological difficulties due to the influence of COVID-19, and emphasized the need for policy support as a way to cope with them. We hope that the results of this study will be used as empirical data in the process of developing support systems and programs for artists experiencing economic constraints and social alienation due to COVID-19.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake of elderly according to their cohabitation status and determine its effects on the prevalence of anemia. Data from the KNHANES were used for this study, including raw data on socioeconomic characteristics, nutrient intake, health status, and clinical laboratory findings. Study subjects aged 60 to 80 years were retrieved and analyzed. As a result, the prevalence of anemia was 12.0% (men, 11.6%; women, 12.3%). The prevalence rate increased with age, and odds ratio [OR] of anemia among those aged 75 to 80 years was 4.16 times higher in men (OR=4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.48-6.97) and 2.77 times higher in women (OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.86-4.14) compared to 60~64 years old. Socioeconomic factors (area of residence, education level, household income), including cohabitation Status (living alone VS living with other family members), and health behaviors (high-risk drinking, smoking, aerobic exercise) did not significantly effect on anemia. In addition, other than protein intake for men, nutrient intake did not have a significant effect on the prevalence rate of anemia. Hypertension, diabetes, and cancer significantly increased the risk of anemia. In Korea, the influencing factors of elderly anemia change over time, so periodic follow-up studies are needed.