• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.148-156
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Pb-Free Sn-2%Ag-Bi solder alloys. The solder alloys used in this study is Sn-2%Ag-(3,5,7,9%) Bi It is examined that their properties such as melting range, wettability, microstructure, microhardness, and tensile property. The addition of Bi(3,5,7,9%) lowered the melting point of the solder and the melting range was 196~203$^{\circ}C$. The wettability of the solder as equal to that of Sn-37% Pb solder. The morphology of structure did not change largely by addition of Bi. But the structure of cellular dendrite of linear type displayed. The tensile strength of the solder was superior to that of Sn-37%Pb solder. But the elongation was inferior to that of Sn-37%Pb solder. The hardness of Sn-2%Ag solder was tow times and that of Sn-2%Ag-Bi solder was three times of that in Sn-37%Pb solder. But the effect of increment of Bi content did not change largely.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2002

As environmental concerns increasing, the electronics industry is focusing more attention on lead free solder alternatives. In this research, we have researched wettability of intermediate solder of Sn3Ag9Bi5In, which include In and Bi and has similar melting temperature to Sn37Pb eutectic solder. We investigated the wetting property of Sn3Ag9Bi5In. To estimate wettability of Sn3Ag9Bi5In solder on various substrates, the wettability of Sn3Ag9Bi5In solder on high-pure Cu-coupon was measured. Cu-coupon that plated Sn, Ni and Au/Ni and Si-wafer adsorbed Ni/Cu under bump metallurgy on one side. As a result, the wetting property of Sn3Ag9Bi5In solder is a little better than that of Sn37Pb and Sn3.5Ag.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2019

전자제품에서 사용되던 Sn-Pb계 솔더합금은 RoHS, WEEE, REACH 등의 환경규제에 의해 무연솔더합금(Pb free solder alloy)으로 빠르게 대체되고 있다. 그 중에서도 Sn58%Bi(in wt.%) 합금은 융점이 낮고 Sn-Pb계 합금에 비해 기계적특성이 우수하여, 전자제품 솔더합금으로 사용하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 Sn58%Bi 솔더합금은 구성 원소인 Bi의 취성으로 인해 기계적인 신뢰성이 저하되는 문제를 개선할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 함량의 Sn-MWCNT (multiwalled carbon nanotube) 입자를 첨가한 Sn58%Bi 복합솔더를 제조한 후, OSP처리된 FR-4 기판 및 FR-4 컴포넌트를 리플로우(reflow) 횟수를 1회부터 7회까지 진행하였다. 접합시편의 접합강도 및 파괴에너지는 전단시험(die shear test)을 통해 측정하였고, 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscope, SEM)으로 미세조직 및 파괴모드를 분석하였다. Sn-MWCNT 첨가에 의해 Sn58%Bi 복합솔더 접합부에서 조직 미세화가 관찰되었고, 함량이 0.1 wt.%일때 접합강도와 파괴에너지는 각각 20.4%, 15.4% 만큼 증가하였다. 또한 파단면에서 연성파괴(ductile failure) 영역이 관찰되었으며, F-x(force-displacement to failure) 그래프를 통해 Sn-MWCNT의 첨가가 복합솔더의 연성(ductility)을 증가시킨 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2014

다양한 무연솔더합금 가운데 Sn-58Bi solder는 저융점이며 상대적으로 높은 인장강도를 갖고 있지만 취성적이라는 단점을 갖고 있다. 이러한 Sn-58Bi 솔더의 기계적 강도를 보완하기 위해 epoxy를 함유한 Sn-58Bi 솔더가 연구되어져왔다. 본 연구는 Sn-58Bi 솔더와 Sn-58Bi 에폭시 복합솔더를 이용하여 PCB 기판에 접합한 후, 시효처리에 따른 솔더/기판 계면 미세구조와 기계적 특성변화를 연구하였다. OSP 표면처리된 PCB 기판에 솔더볼을 형성 한 후 85, 95, 105, $115^{\circ}C$에서 100~1000 시간동안 시효처리하였으며, 기계적 특성평가로 저속전단시험을 진행하였다. 시효 처리 시간 및 온도의 증가에 따라 Cu6Sn5 금속간화합물층은 성장하였으며 Sn-58Bi 솔더 금속간화합물층이 Sn-58Bi 에폭시 복합솔더보다 두꺼웠다. 전단시험 결과, Sn-58Bi 에폭시 복합솔더가 Sn-58Bi 솔더보다 약 2배 높은 전단강도 값을 나타냈으며 시효시간이 증가할수록 전단강도 값은 감소하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.157-166
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• 1998

Recently as environmental pollution caused by Pb has posed a serious threat to the global environment, the trend to regulate the usage of Pb in electronic industry is one the rise. Currently, the solder alloy with high Pb content, Sn-37%Pb, is utilized in the electronic assembly therefore, the objective of this study is to develop an alternative solder alloy for the existing Sn-37%Pb solder alloy. First thing, this work choosed Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag, Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag-x%Bi(x=1~5%) for candidate solder alloys, and examined their properties such as melting range, wettability, microhardness, tensile property, oxidation behavior and microstructure. Wettability was on the same level of Sn-37%Pb. Dissolution of Pb ion in Sn-5%Pb solder was 0.46ppm. This solder alloy revealed cellular dendrite microstructure $\beta$-Sn matrix, Pb-rich phase, Ag/Sn, and Cu/Sn Intermetallic compounds. The range of solidification temperature was within 3$0^{\circ}C$. Also these alloy displayed higher tensile strength and lower elongation than Sn-37%Pb. The resistance of oxidation in Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag solder alloy was superior to that of Sn-37%Pb solder alloy. But that of Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag-5%Bi solder alloy was equal to that of Sn-37%Pb solder alloy.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2002

48 $\mu$BGA 패키지에 Sn-37Pb 공정 솔더와 Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5 Ag, Sn-2.0Ag-0.75Cu, Sn-2.0Ag-0.7Cu-3.0Bi 4종류의 무연 솔더를 적용하여, 미세 솔더 볼의 경도와 조성에 따른 솔더 접합부의 전단강도에 대해서 연구하였다. 실험 결과, 솔더 볼의 짖눌림은 Sn-2.0Ag-0.7Cu-3.0Bi에서 0.043mm로 큰 경도값을 얻었다. 또한 전단 강도 값은 무연 솔더가 Sn-37Pb 솔더보다 높았으며, Sn-2.0Ag-0.7Cu-3.0 Bi에서 최대 52% 높은 값을 나타내었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.155-158
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• 2014

The phase transformation of Sn-Pb-Bi solder for photovoltaic ribbon during soldering was studied using real-time synchrotron x-ray scattering. At room temperature, Sn and Pb crystal phases in the solder existed separately. By heating to $92^{\circ}C$, a new PbBi alloy crystal phase was formed, which grew further up to $160^{\circ}C$. The Sn crystal phase first started to melt at $160^{\circ}C$, and was mostly melted at $165^{\circ}C$. In contrast, the Pb and PbBi crystal phases started to melt at $165^{\circ}C$, and were mostly melted at $170^{\circ}C$. The useful result was obtained, that the solder's melting temperature decreased from $183^{\circ}C$ to $170^{\circ}C$ by addition of a small amount of Bi atoms to the eutectic Sn62-Pb38 (wt%) solder. Our study first revealed the detailed in-situ phase transformation of Sn-Pb-Bi solder during heating to the eutectic temperature. Considering the results of peel strength and hardness, adding 1 wt% of Bi atoms to the Sn62-Pb38 (wt%) solder produced an appropriate composition.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2005

Since lead (Pb)-free solders for electronics have higher melting points than that of eutectic Sn-Pb solder, they need higher soldering temperatures. In order to decrease the soldering temperature we tried to coat Sn-Bi layer on $Sn-3.5\%Ag$ solder by electroplating, which applies the mechanism of transient liquid phase bonding to soldering. During heating Bi will diffuse into the $Sn-3.5\%Ag$ solder and this results in decreasing soldering temperature. As bonding samples, the 1608 capacitor electroplated with Sn, and PCB, its surface was finished with electroless-plated Ni/Au, were selected. The $Sn-95.7\%Bi$ coated Sn-3.5Ag was supplied as a solder between the capacitor and PCB land. The samples were reflowed at $220^{\circ}C$, which was lower than that of normal reflow temperature, $240\~250^{\circ}C$, for the Pb-free. As experimental result, the joint of $Sn-95.7\%Bi$ coated Sn-3.5Ag showed high shear strength. In the as-reflowed state, the shear strength of the coated solder showed 58.8N, whereas those of commercial ones were 37.2N (Sn-37Pb), 31.4N (Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu), and 40.2N (Sn-8Zn-3Bi). After thermal shock of 1000 cycles between $-40^{\circ}C$ and $+125^{\circ}C$, shear strength of the coated solder showed 56.8N, whereas the previous commercial solders were in the range of 32.3N and 45.1N. As the microstructures, in the solder $Ag_3Sn$ intermetallic compound (IMC), and along the bonded interface $Ni_3Sn_4$ IMC were observed.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2002

Many kinds of Pb-free solder have been investigated because of the environmental concerns. Sn-Ag-Cu system is well blown as most competitive Pb-free solder. However, since Sn-Ag-Cu system has relatively high melting point compared to Sn-Pb eutectic, it may a limitation, the some application. In this study, Bi and In contained solder of $Sn_3Ag_8Bi_5In$ which has relatively lower melting point, $188~204^{\circ}C$, was investigated. $Sn_3Ag_8Bi_5In$ solder ball of $500\mu\textrm{m}$ diameter was set on the Ni/Cu/Cr-UBM and reflow soldered in the range of $220~240^{\circ}C$ for 5~15s. The maximum shear strength of the solder ball was around 170mN by reflowing at $240^{\circ}C$ for 10s. Intermetallic compound formed on the UBM of Si-wafer was analysed by SEM(scanning electron microscope) and XRD(X-ray diffractometer).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2000

The object of this study is to estimate Sn-Ag-Bi-Ga solder alloy as a substitute for Sn-37Pb alloy. For Sn-Ag-Bi-Ga alloys, Ag, Bi and Ga contents are varied. (Ag : 1~5%, Ga : 3%, Bi : 3~6%) Comparing to Sn-37Pb alloy Sn-Ag-Bi-Ga alloys have wider melting temperature range up to max. $18.7^{\circ}C$. With increasing Ag, Bi contents, the wettability of the alloys increased up to max. 6.6 mN. The vickers hardness of the alloys was max. 46.4 Hv. The ultimate tensile stress of the alloys was max. 60.3 MPa and the elongation was max. 1.2%. The joint strength between circuit board and solder was max. 55.5 N and the joint strength between connector and solder was max. 176.1 N. There were no cracks in this alloys after thermal shock test.