• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.143-147
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• 1989

The urea effect on skin permeation of clonidine was investigated to reduce a log time and to increase a permeability. ICR mouse skin and human skin were used and were assumed to be a two-layer membrane consisted of stratum corneum and viable epidermis. The urea acted as a skin denaturant and humectant in the whole epidermis. Also it enhanced the skin permeability of clonidine about 3.5 times. On the other hand, it enhanced the skin permeability by acting as a humectant in the viable epidermis. But the urea effect on the whole epidermis was shown to be greater than that on the viable epidermis. Therefore, it was found that the effect of urea was greater on the stratum corneum than the viable epidermis. Variation of enhancing effect according to the concentration of urea was not found in the range of 1% to 20%.

• 유변학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.159-167
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• 1999

샌드위치 사출성형 공정은 기존의 사출성형 공정이 가지지 못하는 여러 장점들로 인해 최근 산업적으로 주목 받고 있는 고분자 가공 공정이다. 이 공정의 해석적인 접근은 거의 불가능하므로, 본 연구에서는 수치모사를 통해서 샌드위치 사출성형의 충전 공정을 연구하였다. 수치모사는 기본적으로 유한요소법을 사용하였고 Flow Analysis Network(FAN)/관할체적(Control Volume)법 등을 함께 이용하였다. 그리고 skin polymer의 선단을 확인할 수 있는 기존의 충전율 변수와 함께 skin polymer와 core polymer의 경계를 표시하는 새로운 충전율 변수를 도입하였고 이것을 이용하여 core polymer의 선단을 추적하였다. 새로운 충전율 변수는 두께 방향으로 온도장을 풀기 위해 나눈 각 층에서 정의되었다. 수치모사에 사용된 skin polymer와 core polymer로는 물성이 다른 두 고분자 물질을 주입시켜서 나타나는 충전 형태를 비교했다. 즉, 점도 상수, power-law 지수 등과 같은 유변 물성이 다른 두 고분자 물질을 충전시키기 위해 공정상 필요한 입구에서의 압력 등을 계산했으며 나중에 들어가게 되는 core polymer의 충전 완료 후 금형 내에서의 두께 방향과 흐름 방향으로의 분포 등을 구하였다. 또한 실제 공정 상에서 가공조건에 해당되는 switchover time과 벽 온도 등의 조건을 바꿔가면서 수치모사를 진행하였다. 사례 연구를 통하여 얻어진 물성과 가공 조건에 따른 core polymer의 충전 형태와 입구에서의 압력 등은 샌드위치 사출성형의 산업적 이용에 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2000

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as oxiniacic acid in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2015

Objectives: As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Methods: Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Results: Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. Conclusion: The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures, is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypodermal layer of the skin.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolic of the pyrimidine derivatives that is used in chemotherapy for the treatment of several types of cancer. 5-FU have poor oral absorption and short biological half-time and strong side effects. Microneedle introduced to find a solution of problems. Microneedle device with roll was manufactured for transdermal delivery of various drugs. 5-FU was mixed in non-ionic surfactant such as tween 20 and tween 80. Camscope was used to analysis the permeation magnitude of treated skin by microneedle and trypan blue staining. The 5-FU solution with surfactant measured by ZETA-potential analysis system for stability of solution. The skin permeation rate of 5-FU determined by HPLC. We confirmed that cross treated skin was dyed more deeply than parallel treated skin through trypan blue staining. The results indicate that skin permeation rate of 5-FU was increased with the treatment types and treatment times.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as Nicotinic acid N-oxide in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

The effect of synthetic polymer membranes on the permeation rate of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs through hairless rat skin was studied using ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) membranes fabricated by solvent casting method. In vitro skin permeation kinetics study of DDC (2',3'-dideoxythymidine), DDI (2',3'-dideoxyinosine) and AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) across the (membrane/skin) composite was conducted for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ using the Valia-Chien skin permeation system. The results showed that skin permeation rate of each drug across the (skin/membrane) composite was mainly dependent on the property of the membrane. Proper selection of the polymeric membrane which resembles hydrophilicity/lipophilicity of the delivering drug was important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2015

Objectives: The major objective of this study is the oral dose toxicity test and skin irritation test of eco-friendly plasticizer using crude glycerol derived from the biodiesel process. Methods: Glyceroldiacetate laurate(GDL) was synthesized from glycerol monolaurat(GML) and acetic acid. The synthesis of the GDL plasticizer was measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscop(NMR) and FT-IR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer). To provide information on the safety of GDL, we carried out an oral dose toxicity test for GDL in Sprague-Dawley rats. Also, we carried out a skin irritation test for GDL in New Zealand White rabbits. Results: The oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that GDL is a non-toxic material. The result of the skin irritation test on New Zealand White rabbits showed that GDL is non-irritating. Conclusions: From the results of oral dose toxicity test and skin irritation test, we concluded that the developed plasticizer showed excellent eco-friendly property. Based on our results, we confirmed the development of an eco-friendly non-phthalate plasticizer. Applicability for PVC toys and food and drug packaging materials was found.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2008

Penetration rate of large molecule through skin is very low due to the barrier effect of stratum corneum. Novel microneedle treatment device with roll was designed for transdermal delivery of large molecular drugs such as vaccine and protein drugs. The permeation rates of FITC labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) as a model protein were determined using modified Franz diffusion cell and hairless mouse skin which were treated by hydrogel or solution containing FITC-BSA. Fluorescent spectrophotometer was used to analyze the concentration of FITC-BSA. Microscope using fluorescent filter was used to capture the image and location of FITC-BSA in the skin. We confirmed that permeation rate of BSA was increased with the treatment by microneedle and was increased by the increasing frequency of treatment. Furthermore, the permeation rate observed from hydrogel treated skin was significantly higher than that from solution treated skin.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

We have investigated the rheological behaviours of emulsions containing polymers. The polymers used in this study were polyacrylamide and carboxy vinyl polymer. The emulsion with polyacrylamide shows better prior preference than that with carboxy vinyl polymer on the skin texture. In the toxicity test, such as, LLNA cell toxicity, skin organ culture and human patch test, polyacrylamide was the appropriate materials for the cosmetics. The viscosity of polyacrylamide shows maximum value in neutral pH and good stability against temperature. The decreasing effect of viscosity against salt was not good enough but showed a better result than that of carboxy vinyl polymer. Two times the amount of polyacrylamide should be used for the formation of a similar viscosity of carboxy vinyl polymer. Yield value of polyacrylamide was low and the effect for the stabilizing emulsions was also low.