• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2021

When shaving, it is easy to suffer shaving burns, that is, facial burn irritation during shaving. The reason is that the razor blade irritates the skin. The current solution is to make the razor sharper and use a razor with a blade heating function. Although these ways can increase the comfort of shaving, they will also greatly increase shaving costs. This paper proposes using a hairdryer to massage the skin before shaving to reduce skin irritation during shaving. This is a simple, practical and low-cost method. The hair dryer's heat, sound, and wind energy have a massage effect, and they can make shaving easier and more comfortable. For analyzing shaving effect, two evaluation methods are used, which are sound spectrum analysis and mos. The sound spectrum analysis is used to analyze the working status of the razor objectively. The MOS test can reflect the subjective feelings of the subject on the shaving's comfort. The results show that the hairdryer thermal vibration massage can make the beard easier to cut, thereby reducing the irritation of the razor to the skin and improving shaving comfort.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the free radical scavenging ability and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of a complex herbal bath consisted of Artemisiae argyi folium, Angelicae sinensis radix, Ligustici wallichii radix and Angelicae tuhuo radix, and its potential irritation response were also tested for safety use in the rabbits. For antioxidative activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the complex herbal bath were examined at five different concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ㎍/ml). The concentration of the complex herbal bath required for scavenging DPPH free radical by 50% was 897.2 ㎍/ml. In the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, the concentration of the complex herbal bath required for 50% of inhibition was 221.4 ㎍/ml. In the skin irritation study in rabbit, all animals survived for the duration of the study and the examined skin exhibited no edema, erythema, and eschar formation. In the ocular irritation study in rabbit, after application of the sample to eyes, all of the eyes were normal. In summary, the complex herbal bath has potent antioxidant effects against the DPPH radical and XO and was considered to be a non-irritation bath for safety use.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2013

This study aimed to assess the attraction effect against Lycorma delicatula and antioxidant activity of hexane, chloroform, butanol and water fraction obtained from Ailanthus altissima methanol extract. The attraction effect of chloroform fraction showed the highest activity (47%) as compared to that of other fractions. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity, methanol and butanol fraction showed higher antioxidant activity than other solvent fractions. From the above results, the potential chloroform fraction was further performed by local irritation test in New Zealand white rabbits. In eye irritation test, chloroform fraction showed moderate irritant at high concentration 0.5 g/site/mL, but there was no eye irritation at low concentration (0.05 g/site/mL). In accordance with the Draize evaluation of skin irritation, the primary irritation index was calculated to 3.3 and 0.68 at high (0.5 g/site/mL) and low concentration (0.05 g/site/mL) causing moderate and mild irritation, respectively. On the basis of this study, Ailanthus altissima chloroform fraction could be safely considered to be a candidate of attractant against Lycorma delicatula.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel formulation of an herbal extracts has an inhibitory effect on obesity. To determine its anti-obesity effects, we performed anti-obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of herbal extracts using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The effects of each herbal extracts on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. Results showed that treatment with each herbal extracts at $10{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, herbal extracts treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocytes controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. Futhermore, compared with control-differentiated mature adipocytes, each herbal extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the HFD-fed obese mice, body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by mixture of herbal extracts administration in mouse skin. Futhermore, we found that mixture of herbal extracts administration suppressed serum triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TCHO) in HFD-induced obese mouse model. The mixture of herbal extracts of permeability was estimated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value in pig skin. The optimized formulations of herbal extracts (Test 3 formulation) showed skin permeation. However, test 1 formulation containing essential oil as enhancer showed maximum skin permeation. After confirming the enhanced skin permeability, in vivo studies were performed to assess whether skin irritation potential on the basis of a primary irritation index (PII) in rabbit skin. Reactions were scored for erythema/edema reactions at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-application. It was concluded that the test 1 formulation was not irritation (PII = 0). The present study suggests that the test 1 formulation might be of therapeutic interest with respect to the treatment of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2018

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D. Single oral toxicity, single dermal toxicity, bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, skin irritation test with $SkinEthic^{TM}$ human epidermis model, skin sensitization local lymph node assay, and human patch test, were examined. The oral and dermal $LD_{50}$ value of GS-E3D was over 2,000 mg/kg in rats. GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant to skin in BCOP assay, human epidermis models, and patch test from the 32 human subjects. The skin sensitization potential of GS-E3D was less than 25% in local lymph node assay. These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a safe ingredient without adverse effects in various skin care products.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

YHB216 is one of new recombinant human erythropoietins (rHu-EPO) developed by Yuhan Research Institute. The rHu-EPO products are widely being used for the treatment of various types of anemia. As a series of safety studies on YHB216, we performed the local irritation test (dermal & ocular application) in male New Zealand White rabbits and micronucleus test in male ICR mice. In the skin irritation test, 0.5 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/ml solution was applied to the back skin of rabbits for 24 hours and sub-sequent observation was performed. There was no induced response after the treatment and the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) was‘0’. In the eye irritation test, 0.1 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/mL solution was instilled into the conjunctiva of the eye. No treatment-related reaction was observed at the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. In the micronucleus test, YHB216 was administered intravenously to male mice (6 mice per group) at dose levels of 0, 6,250, 12,500, and 25,000 IU/kg. Bone marrow cells were collected at 24 hours after the treatment. YHB216 treated groups showed no significant difference in the P/N (polychromatic erythrocyte/ normochromatic erythrocyte) ratio and in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte com-pared with the control. In conclusion, YHB216 was found to be a non-irritating material up to 10,000 IU/ml in the local irritation test and to be a non-mutagen up to 25,000 IU/kg in the micronucleus test.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.478-481
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the acute skin and eye irritation of plant extracts (neem and sophora) against rabbit. The result of skin irritation test indicated that neem extracts and sophora extracts were not irritant. For eye irritation test, the result showed no irritation for neem extracts. Sophora extracts have a severe eye irritation and the symptoms have been reduced to day 3. Thus, safety guidelines for agricultural workers is considered to be needed when sophora extracts is used as an organic agricultural materials.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.8-11
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• 2011

In this study, we assessed the free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of extracts isolated from the dried roots and stems (including leaves) of Angelica dahurica. The irritation response from these extracts was also assessed to determine potential cosmetic use. Both sources of A. dahurica extracts exhibited radical scavenging properties to different extents. The free radical scavenging potency ($EC_{50}$) of the stems (including leaves) of A. dahurica was 243.33 ${\mu}g/mL$, which is significantly lower (p<0.01) than that observed of the roots (1,161.79 ${\mu}g/mL$). The inhibition values ($EC_{50}$) of xanthine oxidase were as follows: 435.19 ${\mu}g/mL$ (roots) and 434.66 ${\mu}g/mL$ (stems). We noted no significant differences between the two plant parts with regard to ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. After the application of A. dahurica extracts to rabbits for skin and eye irritation tests, no negative effects were observed; therefore, the extracts are considered to be non-irritating to the skin and eye.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.326-340
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• 2016

GHS was compared with that of current RDA directives in skin and eye irritation for plant protection products (PPPs). According to the result of evaluation and classification of skin and eye irritation by RDA directives and GHS for 59 PPPs, 25.5% of PPPs were changed the classification of skin irritation from slightly and moderately by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS, and 45.8% of PPPs were changed the classification of eye irritation from slightly by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS. 6.8% of PPPs in skin irritation and 5.1% in eye irritation were classified more highly as category 1 by GHS because of irreversible effect. According to the result of comparison with GHS classification by data of irritation study for PPPs and by GHS classification and concentration of active substances, 25.5% was changed more lowly and 3.4% more highly in skin irritation, and 25.4% was changed more lowly and 11.9% more highly in eye irritation. It is needed to draw a plan to supplement for other results between GHS and RDA directives.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2011

This test was performed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and skin irritation of Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$, disinfectant, containing 20% benzalkonium chloride and 10% citric acid. In acute oral toxicity, Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ was orally administered at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and 0 mg/kg body weight. After single oral administration to both sexes of SD rats, the rats were observed for 14 days. In primary skin irritation test, New Zealand white rabbits were dermally treated with Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ for 24 hr and observed for 3 days. All rats treated with Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ were induced no toxic signs in mortalities, clinical findings, body weights and gross findings. Also, the disinfectant did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites for the most part rabbits, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema on 24 hr after topical application. With the results of this study, Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ have no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in SD rats and was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.50 of primary irritation index.