Browse > Article

Acute Oral Toxicity and Skin Irritation Studies on Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ Composed of Benzalkonium Chloride and Citric Acid  

Cha, Chun-Nam (Engineering Research Institute, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University)
Lee, Yeo-Eun (Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Gyeongsang National University)
Son, Song-Ee (Research Institute of Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University)
Yoo, Chang-Yeol (Department of Computer Information, Gyeongnam Provincial Namhae College)
Park, Eun-Kee (Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University)
Choi, Hyun-Ju (Elderly Life Redesign Institute, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Inje University)
Kim, Suk (Research Institute of Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University)
Lee, Hu-Jang (Research Institute of Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety / v.26, no.4, 2011 , pp. 377-382 More about this Journal
Abstract
This test was performed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and skin irritation of Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$, disinfectant, containing 20% benzalkonium chloride and 10% citric acid. In acute oral toxicity, Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ was orally administered at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and 0 mg/kg body weight. After single oral administration to both sexes of SD rats, the rats were observed for 14 days. In primary skin irritation test, New Zealand white rabbits were dermally treated with Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ for 24 hr and observed for 3 days. All rats treated with Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ were induced no toxic signs in mortalities, clinical findings, body weights and gross findings. Also, the disinfectant did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites for the most part rabbits, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema on 24 hr after topical application. With the results of this study, Lamia-Kill$^{(R)}$ have no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in SD rats and was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.50 of primary irritation index.
Keywords
Disinfectants; Benzalkonium chloride; Citric acid; Acute oral toxicity; Skin irritation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Oxfrod, J.S., Potter, C.W., McLaren, C. and Hardy, W.: Inactivation of influenza and other viruses by a mixture of virucidal compounds. Appl. Microbiol., 21, 606-610 (1971).
2 Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Registration eligibility document: Citric acid. EPA, Washington D.C., pp. 2-5 (1992).
3 국립수의과학검역원: 동물용의약품 등 독성시험지침, 고시 제2009-18호, 국립수의과학검역원, 안양 (2006).
4 Rush, R.E., Bonnette, K.L., Douds, D.A. and Merriman, T.N.: Dermal irritation and sensitization. In CRC Handbookeds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 105-162 (1995). of toxicology, 2nd Ed. (Derelanko, M.J. and Hollinger, M.A.
5 Material Safety Data Sheet. Benzalkonium chloride solution 17% MSDS. SciencLab.com, Inc., Huston, pp. 4 (2010).
6 Avogadro. Material Safety Data Sheet. Citric acid. Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, pp. 2-3 (2000).
7 Frier, M.: Derivatives of 4-Amino-quinaldinium and 8-Hydroxyquinoline. In: Inhibition and destruction of the microbial cell, Hugo, W.B. (ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 107-120 (1971)
8 Denyer, S.P.: Mechanisms of action of antibacterial biocides. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 36, 227-245 (1995).
9 Kanazawa, A., Ikeda, T. and Endo, T.: A novel approache to mode of action of cationic biocides: morphological effect on antibacterial activity. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 78, 55-60 (1995).   DOI
10 Salton, M.R.J.: Lytic agents, cell permeability and monolayer penetrability. J. Gen. Physiol., 52, 277S-252S (1968).
11 Kim, H., Yoon, H., Choi, H., Jeon, D., Eom, M., Sung, J., Park, N., Won, S., Kim, N., Sung, D., Kwak, H., Kwon, K. and Lee, Y. Evaluation on efficacies of sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. J. Fd Hyg. Safety, 22, 132-136 (2007).
12 Heir, E., Sundheim, G. and Holck, A.L.: Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the food industry and nucleotide sequence of resistance plasmid pST 827. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 79, 149-156 (1995).   DOI
13 Aase, B., Sundheim, G., Langsrud, S. and Rorvik, L.M.: Occurrence of and apossible mechanism for resistance to a quaternary ammonium compound in Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 62, 57-63 (2000).   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Vasseur, C., Baverel, L., Hébraud, M. and Labadie, J.: Effect of osmotic, alkaline, acid or thermal stresses on the growth and inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Appl. Microbiol., 86, 469-476 (1999).   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Langsrud, S. and Sundheim, G.: Factors contributing to the survival of poultry associated Pseudomanas spp. exposed to a quaternary ammonium compound. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 82, 705-712 (1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Xiea, X.L., Hub, Y.H., Wanga, L.L., Chenc, C.Q., Huangb, Q.S., Zhoub, H.T. and Chenb, Q.X.: Inhibitory kinetics of citric acid on $\beta$-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase from prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 29, 674-678 (2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Laury, A.M., Alvarado, M.V., Nace, G., Alvarado, C.Z., Brooks, J.C., Echeverry, A. and Brashears, M.M.: Validation of a lactic acid- and citric acid-based antimicrobial product for the reduction of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella on beef tips and whole chicken carcasses. J. Food Prot., 72, 2208-1111 (2009).
18 American College of Toxicology (ACT).: Final report on the safety assessment of benzalkonium chloride. J. Am. Col. Toxicol., 8, 589-625 (1989).   DOI
19 Fan, T. and Wall, G.: Determination of benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic solutions containing tyloxapol by solid phase extration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Sci., 82, 1172-1174 (1993).   DOI   ScienceOn