• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.259-267
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• 2015

This study was conducted to comparatively evaluate antioxidant capacity (AC) of seven cultivars of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) and their protective effects on neuronal PC-12 cells. The contents of total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) of kiwifruits were also examined. Five cultivars of kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis (cv. Haehyang and cv. Haegeum), A. eriantha (cv. Bidan), A. arguta ${\times}$ A. deliciosa (cv. Mansoo), and A. arguta (cv. Chiak), were bred in Korea, while two cultivars, A. deliciosa (cv. Hayward) and A. linguiensis (accession number 041AE), originated from New Zealand and China, respectively. Skin extracts of kiwifruit showed higher TP, TF, and AC than flesh extracts. The highest levels of TP and AC were found in cv. Bidan flesh extract among cultivars studied, but the TF content of cv. Bidan flesh extract was the lowest. The kiwifruit bred in Korea had higher AC than their counterparts. AC of kiwifruit had a highly positive linear correlation with TP and TF. The flesh extracts from cv. Hayward, cv. Haehyang, and cv. Haegeum significantly (p < 0.05) prevented PC-12 cells from oxidative stress induced using $H_2O_2$ compared to a control with $H_2O_2$ only. Overall, our results suggest that kiwifruit bred in Korea may offer a good source of antioxidants and serve as functional materials.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2011

This experiment was performed in order to define the characteristic and quality of the fruits set on primary and secondary shoots in 'Heukgoosul' grape. The numbers of flower clusters per shoot were 1.1 and 0.6 in primary shoots and secondary shoots, respectively. The fruits of primary shoot showed 12.1 g of higher berry weight than 8.9 g of the fruits set on secondary shoots. Fructose and glucose contents were significantly higher in the fruits of secondary shoots during veraison, but the levels gradually decreased, reaching a similar level with those of primary shoot at the harvest stage. The acid content decreased rapidly from day 50 after full bloom in both primary and secondary shoots, but the rate of decrease slowed down from day 70 after full bloom in secondary shoots. Berries of secondary shoots showed rapid increase of skin coloration during veraison and reached a high degree of coloration within a short period when compared with those of primary shoots.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 2014

Hunter value ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$) is a rapid and convenience method for compare with different skin color, but not suitable to compare quality with various grape cultivars. Color Index for Red Grapes (CIRG) is one of a simply convert method for grape skin color as numeric data, and many previously result showed that high correlation between CIRG index and various quality factors of grape. In this experiment, we measured CIRG index, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and total anthocyanin content on the grapes (Campbell Early, Heukbosuk, Kyoho) from the varaison to harvest. As a result, CIRG index and anthocyanin contents have an exponential correlation; r-square is each 0.8595 in the 'Campbell Early' and 0.8500 in 'Heukbosuk'. And TSS and CIRG index have a positive r-square, at the Campbell Early is 0.7758 and Heukbosuk is 0.7253. Also TA and CIRG index have a positive r-square, at the Campbell Early is 0.7279 and Heukbosuk is 0.6630. These results were shown that CIRG index is a reliable indicator for a none-destructive evaluation of the grape quality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.127-137
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• 2015

Recent research has shown that university students experience severe stress and depleted directed attention due to study, social relationships, and economic dependency. Based on the stress reduction theory and the attention restoration theory, this study aims to investigate the effects of natural landscape on university students' stress and cognitive performance through a wide array of measurements including GSR(galvanic skin responsse), IBI(interbeat interval), ZIPERS(Zucherman Inventory of Personal Reactions), and mental arithmetic test. The restorative effects of natural landscape were compared with those of urban landscape. 128 university students participated in the study, and the data of 120 students was analyzed. The results showed that natural landscape was more restorative in relieving psychological stress and in enhancing cognitive performance than urban landscape, which evidenced the restorative effects of natural landscape. Therefore, it could be proposed that natural landscaping of the university campus contributes to students' stress reduction and cognitive enhancement. But such effects were not found in the two physiological measures(both GSR and IBI). Moreover, it was analyzed that urban landscape had a more beneficial effect than natural landscape for IBI, which might resulted from the participants' characteristics and the study landscape. Specifically, the young age span of the participants(average 23.8 years old) and the very natural setting of the university where they were enrolled might lead to the conflicting results in physiological measures. Also, the urban landscape used in the study had a sense of "scope", which is one of the Kaplan and Kaplan's restorative characteristics. Based on this opinion, it was suggested that future study should investigate the impact of the landscape type and contents as well as the participants' characteristics on the restorative effects of natural landscape.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.327-338
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• 2012

Liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin are the major flavonoids present in licorice. These flavonoid compounds were prepared by submerged culture of Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) HB0071 mycelia producing ${\beta}$-glucosidase in the aqueous extract of licorice. The contents of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin were increased during the fermentation. This fungus produced a high ${\beta}$-glucosidase (activity of 91.5 mU/mL), thereby achieving high amounts of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin ($568.5{\mu}g/mL$ and $89.6{\mu}g/mL$), respectively at 96 h. A reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was established for simultaneous determination of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin in fermented licorice extract (FLEx). The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by licorice extract (LEx) before and after fermentation with G. frondosa HB0071. The treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes with FLEx resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the expression level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA. Furthermore, FLEx dose-dependently decreased mRNA of the pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. These results suggest that FLEx may mitigate the effects of skin inflammation by reducing UVB-induced adverse skin reactions.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

To study the selective organospecific carcinogenesis by the specific chemical carcinogens, the breast cancer induction model by oral administration of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) or by intravenous injection of N-methylni-trosourea (NMU) on female rats was analyzed. In the present experiment, we compared the effexts of ages on the chemical mammary carcinogenesis by studying the metabolic system of the carcinogenic activation, detoxification or DNA damage and repair. The breast tumor incidence was significantly higher in the young rats of 50 days old than in those of one year old rats. As an index of organospecific DNA damage or repair, the in vivo covalent binding index(CBI) of the specific organs by the specific chemical carcinogens was monitored. And for the analysis of carcinogenic activation, the quantity of cytochrome P450`s was determined with the respective type-specific monoclonal antibody, while the detoxication capacity was deduced by the activity monitoring of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase. The skin tissues of the mammary region had the highest CBI with both of DMBA and NMU at 50 days of age. And there were contrasting differences in the contents of carcinogenic activation and detoxication system: that is, the content of T.C.D.D.-inducible cytochrome P450 was high, while the activities of GST and peroxidase was low in the mammary skin tissues at tumor prevalent age. These results led us to conclude that the molecular organospecific carcinogenesis, as illustrated with mammary carcinoge-nesis by DMBA and NMU, is operated probably through the differential capacity of the target tissues in the high carcinogenic activation, low detoxication and the low DNA repair function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1095-1100
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• 2008

Antioxidative and macrophage phagocytic activities and contents of functional component in selected Korean chestnuts (Dantaek, Daebo, Okkwang, Seokchu, Byunggo) were evaluated. Coumarin, gallic acid and catechin in inner skin and whole kernel of selected Korean chestnuts were detected by HPLC. The predominant functional components in inner skin of chestnut were catechin, followed by gallic acid and coumarin. However, the whole kernel had only gallic acid. Thus, the antioxidant properties of gallic acid and catechin were evaluated through DPPH radical-scavenging activity and SOD like activity. Gallic acid and catechin at 6.0 mg/100 g exhibited 69.4% and 38.3% of scavenging activities on DPPH radical, respectively. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of gallic acid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Gallic acid was found to possess higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than equivalent amount of catechin at all concentrations, whereas catechin was found to have higher SOD like activity than gallic acid. In addition, pre-incubation of macrophage with white kernel extract from Byunggo resulted in a significant increase of phagocytic activity and yellow kernel extracts from Byunggo, Dantaek, Daebo and Okkwang, leading to an increase in phagocytic activity compared with untreated cells. Yellow kernel extracts was found to have higher phagocytic activity than white kernel extracts. Byunggo had the highest phagocytic activity. The results suggest that the Korean chestnut may provide a natural source of antioxidants and active immunity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.431-438
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• 2014

Eogeul-tang is a traditional Korean soup dish made from dried pollack, minced beef, and tofu. This comparative study analyzed the quality characteristics of Eogeul-tang by varying the added amounts of cow gristle. The objective of this study was to analyze Eogeul-tang to promote its functionality and increased consumer preference. Collagen contents were $18.08{\pm}0.13g$ and $22.17{\pm}0.14g$ per 100 g of dried pollack skin and knee cartilage of cow, respectively. The overall collagen content was higher in the knee cartilage of cow. Different amounts of cow gristle (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were added to traditionally cooked Eogeul-tang, and the general composition of Eogeul-tang was analyzed. Significant differences were exhibited in the amounts of water content, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash depending on the added amounts of cow gristle. Moreover, the collagen content also significantly increased as the amount of gristle content increased. In particular, significant increases in the amounts of collagen components, including proline, glycine, and alanine were observed with increasing amount of gristle. When a sensory test was conducted on Japanese, overall preference values were highest for Eogeul-tang composed of 25% beef and 75% gristle compared to traditionally cooked Eogeul-tang. In conclusion, the study results promote the functionality of collagen as well as the increased quality of Eogeul-tang added with cow gristle manufactured by traditional cooking methods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1841-1846
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• 2009

Menopause is often associated with the incidence of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an effective regimen that has been found to prevent these diseases in postmenopausal women. However, HRT is accompanied by an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Ecklonia cava, a kind of seaweed, extract on bone turnover markers in symptomatic menopausal women. For this study, the following four groups of 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated over 6 weeks: normal rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON) and ovariectomized rats that were treated with Ecklonia cava extracts. The optimum extraction temperature and solvent of Ecklonia cava were found to be $80^{\circ}C$ and 80% ethanol. We measured the osteocalcin and CTx content, enzyme ALP activity in serum and collagen content in the cartilage, bone, skin and lungs. We found that the levels of indicators of bone metabolism such as ALP, osteocalcin and CTx were lower in rats in the Ecklonia cava extract group than the OVX-CON group. In addition, the collagen contents in the bone, cartilage, skin and lungs decreased in response to ovariectomy, but the levels of collagen were greater in the bone of rats that were treated with Ecklonia cava extract than in the bone of rats in the OVX-CON group. According to these results, we were able to know the effects of Ecklonia cava extract on bone aging in ovariectomized rats. Consequently, we expect Ecklonia cava extract to have an effect on bone aging in postmenopausal women.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.727-737
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the descriptive sensory profile of oriental melon. The sensory profile of oriental melons (cultivated in Seonju, Kyungsangbuk-do) were used quantitative descriptive analyses and twelve trained panel developed the total forty sensory attributes related appearance, aroma, texture etc. Six appearances attributes and two aromas attributes were derived from whole oriental melon with skin. Five aromas, six tastes and six textures were derived from the mesocarp of oriental melon. And also, oriental melons were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, solid soluble contents and weight. The weight, titratable acidity and soluble solid content of oriental melons showed significant differences according to samples. And also, in the sensory attributes of these samples by trained panel and consumer test, there were significant differences between organic cultivated samples and conventional cultivated samples. Based on principal component analysis of sensory attributes data by trained panel and consumer, oriental melons were primary separated along the first principal component, which accounted for 27.73% (trained panel test) and 19.82% (consumer test) of total variance (trained panel test; 58.36%, consumer test; 46.18%) between the samples farm, cultivation method, total acidity, sweet aroma, bitterness, etc. Generally, whole oriental melon with skin showed significant differences in the sensory attributes according to cultivation method and farms. But, the mesocarp and endocarp part showed not certainly differences in the sensory attributes between organic cultivated samples except conventional cultivated samples.