• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.376-381
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• 2019

In this study, a poly(vinyl) alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) mixture was used to fabricate core-shell structured gel beads for autotrophic single-stage nitrogen removal (ASNR) using aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AAOB and AnAOB, respectively). For stable ASNR process, the mechanical strength and oxygen penetration depth of the shell layer entrapping the AAOB are critical properties. The shell layer was constructed by an interfacial gelling reaction yielding thickness in the range of 2.01-3.63 mm, and a high PVA concentration of 12.5% resulted in the best mechanical strength of the shell layer. It was found that oxygen penetrated the shell layer at different depths depending on the PVA concentration, oxygen concentration in the bulk phase, and free ammonia concentration. The oxygen penetration depth was around $1,000{\mu}m$ when 8.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen was supplied from the bulk phase. This study reveals that the shell layer effectively protects the AnAOB from oxygen inhibition under the aerobic conditions because of the respiratory activity of the AAOB.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2021

Single-layer graphene is grown directly on Ti-buffered SiO2 at 100℃. As a result of the AFM measurement of the Ti buffer layer, the roughness of approximately 0.2 nm has been improved. Moreover, the Raman measurement of graphene grown on it shows that the D/G intensity ratio is extremely small, approximately 0.01, and there are no defects. In addition, the 2D/G intensity ratio had a value of approximately 2.1 for single-layer graphene. The sheet resistance is also 89 Ω/□, demonstrating excellent characteristics. The problem was solved by using graphene and a lift-off patterning method. Low-temperature direct-grown graphene does not deteriorate after the patterning process and can be used for device and micro-patterning research.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.224-233
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• 1991

The multilayer expanson of single layer NN (Neural Network) was needed to solve the linear seperability problem as shown by the classic example using the XOR function. The EBP (Error Back Propagation ) learning rule is often used in multilayer Neural Networks, but it is not without its faults: 1)D.Rimmelhart expanded the Delta Rule but there is a problem in obtaining Ca from the linear combination of the Weight matrix N between the hidden layer and the output layer and H, wich is the result of another linear combination between the input pattern and the Weight matrix M between the input layer and the hidden layer. 2) Even if using the difference between Ca and Da to adjust the values of the Weight matrix N between the hidden layer and the output layer may be valid is correct, but using the same value to adjust the Weight matrixd M between the input layer and the hidden layer is wrong. Recognitron III was proposed to solve these faults. According to simulation results, since Recognitron III does not learn the three layer NN itself, but divides it into several single layer NNs and learns these with learning patterns, the learning time is 32.5 to 72.2 time faster than EBP NN one. The number of patterns learned in a EBP NN with n input and output cells and n+1 hidden cells are 2**n, but n in Recognitron III of the same size. [5] In the case of pattern generalization, however, EBP NN is less than Recognitron III.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.3C no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2003

This paper examines the electrical characteristic of single oxide layer due to various diffusion conditions, substrate orientations, substrate resistivity and gas atmosphere in a diffusion furnace. The oxide quality was examined through the capacitance-voltage characteristic due to the annealing time after oxidation process, and the capacitance-voltage characteristics of the single oxide layer by will be described via semiconductor device simulation.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2002

A series of fully conjugated polymers containing new arylenevinylene units were synthesized and their light-emitting properties were investigated. A bisphosphonate containing tetraphenyl group was made to react with three different dialdehyde monomers to produce fully conjugated alternating copolymers. The photoluminescence (PL) and the electroluminescence (EL) peak wavelengths of the polymers were varied from 500 nm to 460 nm depending on the polymer structure. Single layer EL devices using the polymers as an emissive layer have been fabricated. The single layer EL devices became visible between 12-22 V and emitted blue light.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.213-213
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• 2000

A sensor system which can measure the transmittance of ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) layed glass is proposed. The sensor system includes a single wavelength laser beam source, photo diodes and electronic circuit processing sensor signal. The wavelength of laser is 543.5 m, this is most sensitive wavelength to photopic and scotopic vision. We applied the sensor to measure transmittance of ITO layer on general manufacturing environment and verified the effectiveness of sensor through experimental measurement.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.3086-3096
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• 1999

To declare conformance of multi-protocol Implementation Under Test(IUT), every layer of the multi-protocol IUT should be tested. According to ISO9646, single-layer test method is applied to testing the highest layer of multi-protocol IUT and single-layer embedded test method is used for the layers by layer all the protocols in a multi-protocol IUT. This paper proposes a new method for testing a multi-protocol IUT. The proposed test method assumes that a multi-protocol IUT is under test and that the interfaces between the layers cannot be controlled or observed by the tester. We apply the proposed test method to TCP/IP and compare the application results with those of the existing test turns out that the proposed test method significantly reduces the number of test cases as well as the number of test events while providing the same test coverage. In addition, the proposed test method shows the capability to locate the layer that is source of failure in testing multi-protocol IUTs.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.283-289
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• 1998

In the latticed domes which is a set of space frame, buckling is derived if the external force reaches a limitation by the lightness of the material and the minimization of the member section area. these are concerned with a geometric shape, network pattern, the number of layer, and so on. Most of all, the number of layer of the lattice dome is a important factor from the viewpoint of initial and structure design. Therefore this study compared buckling characteristics of single-layer with double-layer latticed domes and investigated the relativity of buckling-stress-ratio and member-density-ratio according to rise ratio to improve that designers could extend the range of .design selection

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2010

The double layer screen plate tensioned with two sheets screen mesh is more thicker than that of one screen sheet. The double layer screen plate piled up with two sheets screen 200# or overlapped with a sheet screen 110# and a sheet screen 305# is more thicker than single layer screen plate with one sheet screen 420#. As the screen plate composed of two sheets screen has more accumulated ink capacity than one sheet of screen, printing printed with it has a good plasticity. And the single layer screen plate that accumulate a small quantity of ink has an excellent representation than the double layer screen plate but lower plasticity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to prove that an intermediate resin layer (IRL) oan increase the bond strength to dentin by reducing the permeability of single-step adhesives. Flat dentin surfaces were created on buccal and lingual side of freshly extracted third molar using a low-speed diamond saw under copious water flow. Approximately 2.0 mm thick axially sectioned dentin slice was abraded with wet #600 SiC paper. Three single-step self-etch adhesives; Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), One-Up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Xeno III (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) were used in this study. Each adhesive groups were again subdivided into ten groups by; whether IRL was used or not; whether adhesives were cured with light before application or IRL or not; the mode of composite application. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Bond strength of single-step adhesives increased by an additional coating of intermediate resin layer, and this increasement was statistically signigicant when self-cured composite was used (p < 0.001). 2. When using IRL, there were no difference on bond strengths regardless the curing procedure of single-step adhesives. 3. There were no significant difference on bond strengths between usage of AB2 or SM as an IRL. 4. The thickness of Hybrid layer was correlated with the acidity of adhesive used, and the nanoleakage represented by silver deposits and grains was examined within hybrid and adhesive layer in most of single-step adhesives. 5. Neither thickness of hybrid layer nor nanoleakage were related to bond strength.