• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.55-83
• /
• 2022

The United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (Singapore Mediation Convention) results in new challenges to the area of international dispute resolution by providing the enforcement regime for mediated settlement agreements, which have not been admitted as enforceable in some civil law countries, including Korea and Japan. Japan has struggled to promote international arbitration and international mediation, and such efforts were accelerated by the adoption of the Singapore Mediation Convention in 2018. In order to standardize arbitration proceedings and promote the practice of international arbitration, Japan produced two noticeable results: the new JCAA Arbitration Rules and the amendment to the Arbitration Act of Japan. In addition to that Expedited arbitration procedure and Interactive Arbitration Rules of JCAA present the new possibility of international arbitration procedure for civil law practitioners, the amendment to the Arbitration Act of Japan suggests significant implications to Korea for its manifest provisions regarding enforcement requirements and proceedings and its protection of Access to Justice for foreign law practitioners.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.3-24
• /
• 2022

Today's society appears to be entering a hyper-connected society due to mental notions and information communication technologies being converged for advanced development. Trade between countries around the world is increasing amidst the digital economy and fourth industrial revolution, which is being accompanied by a growing number of trade disputes. Appropriately resolving disputes is crucial for corporate growth, and ADR is drawing attention as a more reasonable solution between interested parties compared to lawsuits. This also applies to international trade as there is growing movements to resolve disputes between parties more efficiently and feasibly through mediation. The adaptation of an international convention for implementation in a third country for settlement agreements drawn up through such international mediation is a new and unprecedented attempt. In other words, the Singapore Convention on Mediation looks to resolve international commercial disputes by granting executive force on the outcomes of mediations. However, a system to solve various legal issues must be put into place to execute the outcomes in the respective country or third country, and a variety of tools for this are necessary.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.77-98
• /
• 2021

International commercial mediation of intellectual property rights fully meets the interests of the parties in such disputes in terms of their needs for neutral forum of dispute resolution, cost-effective settlement, objective opinion of relevant experts, internationally enforceable solution. In addition, as a procedural flexibility, respected self-determination of the parties, exploration of possible creative business solutions, maintenance of business relationship and confidentiality of mediation are major characteristics which can be competitively differentiated from the lawsuit or arbitration. The settlement agreement as a result of the WIPO mediation has an effect of contract while the settlement agreement as a result of most domestic ones has an effect of judicial reconciliation which can be domestically enforced. The latter is not subject to the application of the Singapore Convention on Mediation which establishes a harmonized legal framework for the right to invoke settlement agreements as well as for their enforcement. The WIPO international mediation system and its experience may be a good reference for Korea to take an initiative to establish a globally competitive international mediation system in the area of intellectual property rights.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.19-47
• /
• 2015

International arbitration is an increasingly popular means of alternative dispute resolution for cross-border commercial transactions. The primary advantage of international arbitration over court litigation is enforceability. An international arbitration award is enforceable in most countries in the world. Especially, statistics indicate of ASEAN such as Malaysia and Singapore that the vast majority of defeated companies comply with the terms of international arbitral awards against them or settle soon after the award is rendered. Unlike Malaysia and Singapore, in Indonesia, there are several grounds for refusal of enforcement of an award including where both the nature of the dispute and the agreement to arbitrate do not meet the requirements set out in the Arbitration Law. Because Indonesia does not acknowledge decisions of foreign courts, theoretically they could enforce an international arbitral award which was set aside by the court in the seat of arbitration. This paper introduces the legal system and cases of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in ASEAN, especially Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Secondly, by comparing their law and cases, the paper emphasized the international suitability and global fitness in involved in recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.479-508
• /
• 2010

Korea is leading in G20 summit beginning in 2011 and the 19th United Nations World Tourism Organization(UNWTO) to attract international conferences and meetings. The interests on MICE have been increasing. The MICE, from the mid-l990s, was launched in Singapore in terms of the convention industry leader in Asia, stands for corporate a generic term of Meeting, tourism award Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition. The MICE has been showing many good results as a golden industry such that no pollution has occurred and the effect is very large invisible value can be created because most of the participants in international conference are opinion leaders in each country and they can be Korea brand promoters in their home country after attending the conference and returning to. Korea has been ranked at the world's 11th most-popular destination for international business meetings, confirming its world-class reputation for business events. Korea cities also featured highly on the list. Seoul was ranked seventh globally, while Busan jumped to sixth in Asia and Jeju came in at number eight. Changwon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gyeongju and Gwangju also made their debuts on the Asian list. Consequently, the economic & political effects of MICE industry were investigated and accordingly the revitalization of the global MICE bureau was discussed.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.250-256
• /
• 2015

We present a novel method to model the body posture of a worm for vision-based automatic monitoring and analysis. The worm considered in this study is a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which is popularly used for research in biological science and engineering. We model the posture by an open chain of a few curved or rigid line segments, in contrast to previously published approaches wherein a large number of small rigid elements are connected for the modeling. Each link segment is represented by only two parameters: an arc angle and an arc length for a curved segment, or an orientation angle and a link length for a straight line segment. Links in the proposed method can be readily related using the Denavit-Hartenberg convention due to similarities to the kinematics of an articulated manipulator. Our method was tested with real worm images, and accurate results were obtained.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.31-45
• /
• 2020

As FTAs are introduced, greater trade between the countries results in more disputes between parties to the agreement. Disputes in international trade have previously been settled mainly through international arbitration. However, with the recent rise in negative aspects of the arbitration system, the international community has begun to seek ways to utilize mediation for replacing the arbitration system. Mediation is a dispute settlement system that helps the parties settle their disputes on their own through negotiations. The UNCITRAL, which seeks to unify and develop international trade law, amended the Model Mediation Law in 2018 and adopted the 'United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation' in August 2019 to enable the adoption of the international settlement agreement. This study analyzes the main contents of the 2018 Model Mediation Law and predicts the potential for the development of international commercial mediation as a dispute settlement procedure for future international trade.

• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.133-157
• /
• 1996

컨벤션의 유치와 개최는 인적 물적 교류를 통한 국제 상호간의 이해를 증진시키고, 지역정제를 활성화시킨다는 측면에서 지역정책론자들의 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 컨벤션센터는 도시의 정치 경제 문화의 중심적인 기능을 수행하기 때문에 선진국의 대부분 도시에는 컨벤션센터가 건립되어 있다. 컨벤션 및 컨벤션 산업은 일반 관장산업과는 달리 부가가치가 매우 높은 관광활동이기 때문에 오늘날 대도시의 새로운 관광산업으로 등장하고 있다. 본 연구는 다가오는 21세기 여수반도권의 여건변화를 고려하여 여수반도권의 컨벤션센터 건립의 필요성, 컨벤션센터의 입지성 분석, 지역 여건에 적합한 리조트형 컨벤션센터의 건립방향 및 추진전략을 제시해 보았다. 특히 여수반도권은 다가오는 2000년대에 환태평양시대 동북아 경제권의 해운 항만의 거점중심지, 중화학 철강 기계 등을 중심으로 한 우리 나라의 신산업지구로 기능하여 새로운 해상위락 관광재발의 요구가 증대될 지역으로 전망된다. 이러한 지역 내외적 변화에 적극적으로 대처하기 위한 방안의 하나로서 컨벤션센터의 건립이 요구된다. 그리고 선진국의 임해지역에서 활용하고 있는 텔레포트 기능과 리조트 기능, 그리고 컨벤션 기능을 적절하게 조화시키는 것이 매우 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 리조트형 컨벤션센터의 건립이 필요하다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.37-81
• /
• 2015

인도네시아의 에어 아시아 QZ8501 제트여객기가 2014년 12월 28일, 오전 5시 35분에 인도네시아, Surabaya도시에 있는 Juanda 국제공항을 출발하여 같은 날 8시 반 싱가포르 Changi 국제공항에 도착할 예정이었다. 그러나 인도네시아의 에어아시아(에어버스 A320-200) 여객기는 인도네시아 제 2의 도시인 수라바야공항에서 승개 162명을 태우고 싱가포를 향하여 비행도중 동년 12월 28일 Java 바다에 추락하였다. 인도네시아의 에어아시아 제트여객기의 잔해가 Juanda 국제공항에서 약 66 마일 떨어진 위치에서 발견되었으며 이곳에서 12월 28일 지상에 있는 항공교통관제관 (ATC) 과 조정사간에 교신이 끊겼다. 레이더에서 사라진 여객기 (QZ 8501)에는 승객 155명과 승무원 7명이 탔으며 희생된 여객 가운데에는 155명의 인도네시아어인, 3명의 한국인, 싱가포르인, 말레이시아인, 영국인이 각각 1명이었다. 말레이시아여객기 추락사건을 살피어 본다면, 말레이시아 여객기 (MH370)는 현지 시간 2014년 3월 8일 밤 12시41분 쿠알라룸푸르 국제공항을 출발하여 같은 날 새벽 6시 30분 (현지시간) 중국 베이징수도국제공항에 착륙 할 예정이었다. 그러나 말레이시아 여객기 (MH370) 는 쿠알라룸푸르 국제공항을 출발하여 베이징수도국제공항을 향하하여 비행도중 (쿠알라룸푸르와 북경 간에 비행거리: 4,414km 2,743마일) 갑자기 살아져 3월 8일 남인도양에 추락하였다. 이 말레이시아여객기는 쿠알라룸푸르 국제공항을 이륙한 후 1시간 만에 지상에 있는 항공교통관제관 (ATC) 과 조정사간에 교신이 두절되었으며 이 여객기에 227명의 승객 (15개국)과 12명의 승객이 타고 있었다. 상기 227명의 승객가운데에는 중국인 153명, 말레이시아인이 38명, 인도네시아 인이 7명, 호주인이 6명, 인도인이 5명, 프랑스인이 4명, 미국인이3명, 이란인이2명, 캐나다인이2명, 뉴질랜드인이 2명, 우크라이나인이 2명, 러시아인이 1명, 네덜란드인이 1명, 대만인이 1명이었음으로 중국인 승객이 거의 3분의 2 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 본 인도네시아 및 말레이시아 여객기 추락사건에 있어 승객 및 승무원들은 전원 사망하였고 가해자(국)인 인도네시아 및 말레이시아뿐만 아니라 피해자(국) 인 중국, 한국, 호주인, 인도, 프랑스, 미국, 인도네시아 및 말레이시아 등이 모두 1999년의 몬트리올조약의 가맹국이기 때문에 인도네시아 및 말레이시아의 항공사들은 동 조약 제21조에 따라 손해배상금액으로서 113,100 특별인출권 (SDR, 계산단위, 미화 155,000달러)를 유족들에게 무조건 지급하여야만 된다. 그러나 인도네시아 및 말레이시아 여객기 추락사건에 있어 유족들은 상기 배상금액에 만족하고 있지 않기 때문에 승객사망자에 대한 유족들의 손해배상청구소송 사건에 있어 일부 유족들은 자국법원에 소송을 제기하는 것보다는 손해배상금액을 많이 탈수 있는 미국 법원에 소송을 제기하고 있다. 미국은 현재 국제항공운송에 있어 항공여개운송인의 책임이 국제조약에 따라 유한책임 제도를 채택하고 있지만 국내항공운송에 있어서는 항공여개운송인의 책임이 무한책임제도를 채택하고 있다. 현재 미국법원은 국제 및 국내항공운송을 막론하고 항공여객운송인이 Wilful-misconduct (인식이 있는 중대한 과실) 범하였을 때에 무한책임을 인정하여 손해배상금액에 관한 판결내용이 30만 달러 내지 500만 달러를 상회하고 있음으로 유족들은 몬트리올조약 제33조 (재판관할권) 및 미국에서 제조한 여객기의 결함을 이유로 한 "제조물책임법"에 근거하여 본 소송사건에 있어 일부 유족들은 미국이변호사에 소송사건을 의뢰하여 미국법원에 손해배상청구소송사건을 제기한바 있다. 한편 필자의 의견으로는 1999년의 몬트리올조약 제17조에 규정되어 있는 국제항공운송인의 손해배상책임사유로 bodily injury라고 신체상의 상해만을 규정하고 있어 피해자 보호에 만전을 기할 수가 없음으로 앞으로 ICAO 법률위원회에서 가까운 장래에 몬트리올조약을 개정 할 때에 이 문구를 피해자의 정신적손해도 다 포함될 수 있도록 personal injury 라는 문구로 수정하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.91-120
• /
• 2020

The Scope of Application of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act and Foreign Investment Act This article examines whether the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act and the Foreign Investment Act of North Korea apply to South Korean parties or companies. This article analyzes laws and agreements related to economic cooperation between South Korea and North Korea. Furthermore, this article compares and evaluates laws related to foreign investment and enacted in North Korea. Now, North Korea's door is closed due to economic sanctions against it, but it will be opened soon. Thus, this article prepares for the future opening of North Korea's markets. Is there a rule of laws in North Korea or just a ruler? Are there laws in North Korea? North Korea has enacted a number of legislation to attract foreign investors, referring to those Chinese laws. For example, North Korea enacted the Foreigner Investment Act, the Foreigner Company Act, the Foreign Investment Bank Act, the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, the Foreign Economic Contract Act, the International Trade Act, and the Free Economy and Trade Zone Act, among others. Article 2 (2) of the Foreign Investment Law of North Korea states, "Foreign investors are corporations and individuals from other countries investing in our country." It is interpreted that South Korea is not included in the "other countries" of this definition. According to many mutual agreements signed by South Korea and North Korea, the relationship between the two Koreas is a special relation inside the Korean ethnic group. An arbitration between a South Korean party and a North Korean party has the characteristics of both domestic arbitrations and international arbitrations. If the South Korea and North Korea Commercial Arbitration Commission or the Kaesong Industrial Complex Arbitration Commission is not established, the possibility of arbitration by the Chosun International Trade Arbitration Commission, established under North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, should be examined. There have been no cases where the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act is applied to disputes between parties of South Korea and North Korea. It might be possible to apply the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act by recognizing the "foreign factor" of a dispute between the South Korean party and North Korean party. It is necessary to raise legislative clarifications by revising the North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act as to whether Korean parties or companies are included in the scope of this Act's application. Even if it is interpreted that South Korean parties or companies are not included in the scope of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, disputes between South Korean companies and North Korean companies can be resolved by foreign arbitration institutes such as CIETAC in China, HKIAC in Hong Kong, or SIAC in Singapore. Such arbitration awards could be enforced in North Korea pursuant to Article 64 of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act. This is because the arbitration awards of foreign arbitration institutes are included in the scope of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act. The matter is how to enforce the North Korean laws when a North Korean party or North Korean government does not abide by the laws or their contracts. It is essential for North Korea to join the New York Convention (Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards) and the ICSID Convention (Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States).