• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 1987

Antagonistic interaction between glyphosate and some herbicides in effects of post-emergence application on cut grass and of pre-emergence application on some weed species including barnyardgrass was evaluated with pots in plastic house. By addition of oxyfluorfen to glyphosate, the weeding efficacy on cutgrass was visually evaluated as promotive in both weeding rate and efficacy. However, by alachlor, simazine, gluphosinate or quizalofop-ethyl showed delayed weeding rate, and by paraquat, the promotive in rate but lower in efficacy, respectively. Fresh weights of cutgrass at 30 days after the lower-rate application has generally indicated the lower weeding efficacy than that from glyphosate alone. Even at higher rate application, the addition of alachlor or simazine to glyphosate has still indicated the lower efficacies. As a result of interaction analysis by Colby method, no synergism was detected from any treatments, and the combinations of simazine or paraquat to glyphosate in lower mixing rate showed significant antagonism at 5% probability level of DMRT. On the annual weed species including barnyardgrass, the significant soil-residual weeding efficacies were recognized by addition of any rate of oxyfluorfen, alachlor, simazine and higher rate of quizalofop-ethyl to glyphosate, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.3 s.32
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• pp.149-154
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• 1977

Effect of Simazine(2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine), Nitrofen (2, 4-dichloro-4' -nitrodi­phenylether), Propanil (:3, 4-dichloropropionanilide), and Butachlor (2-chloro-2, 6-diethyl N-(buthoxy­menthyl) acetanilide on urea hydrolysis and subsequent nitrification was investigated in an upland soil incubated at $20\pm1^{\circ}C$. 1. All the herbicides tested had no effect on the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia at the recommended rates. Butachlor, at ten and fifty times the recommended rate, and Nitrofen, at fifty times the recommeded rate, depressed urea hydrolysis, resulting in reduction of ammonia. But the depressive effects were temporary, disappearing soon. Simazine and Propanil had no detrimental effect on urea decomposition at all the treated rates. 2. Also, all the chemicals tested had no effect on the nitrification process at the recommended rates. At higher concentrations of ten and fifty times the recommended rate Butachlor and Nitrofen inhibited the oxidation of nitrite, and propanil long inhibited the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, but was inactive against nitrite oxidizer. These inhibitive effects of the chemicals, however, disappeared in the later period of incubation. Simazine had no effect on the nitrification process at all the treated rates. 3. The trend of change in soil pH of both the treated and untreated plots well reflected the change of soil nitrogen forms during incubation. No direct effect of the chemicals on soil pH was obserbed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 1985

Requirements in weed control in a mulberry field are much similar to those in orchards, but also feature a longer period of weed control of various kinds of persistent weeds, i.e., spring, summer, and winter annuals as well as perennials. In addition the mulberry tree is relatively more sensitive to herbicide injury. Hence, very few herbicides have been used in mulberry field. The present study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of oxyfluorfen in comparison with alachlor and simazine, which are registered for ordinary mulberry field in Korea, for weed control efficacy in the new, rapidly increasing practice of transparent polyethylene-film mulched and densely planted younger mulberry culture. Dominant spring weeds were Galium spp., Erigeron spp., Polygonum senticosum, and Chenopodium spp. in the non-mulched interbed area in contrast to the Digitaria spp. and Potulaca spp, under mulch. Dominant summer weeds were Digitaria spp., Portulaca spp., Erigeron spp., Artemisia spp. and Calystegia japonica in the non-mulched interbed area while weeds did not occur significantly during summer under mulch which were shaded by vigorously growing mulberry trees. The weeds occurred under mulch in spring reduced shoot growth of young mulberry tree resulting in the reduced yield of mulberry leaves for silkworms. The weeds occurred in the interbed area did not affect until May, but interfered later summer- and fall-growth of mulberry tree. Early single spring application of alachlor(EC), simazine(WP) or oxyfluorfen(EC) at a rate of 650 g, 750 g or 350 g ai per ha, respectively, controlled most annuals satisfactorily to fall in the mulched bed area. In the nonmulched interbed area, however, thrice does of alchlor or simazine was necessary for satisfactory control of spring weeds, followed by summer application of alachlor or simazine at twice dose level as tank mixture with paraquat at 490 g ai per ha for satisfactory control of summer to fall weeds. Single spring application of oxyfluorfen at a rate of 1400 g ai per ha was persistently effective to control satisfactorily even summer and fall weeds. However, heavy rainfall splashed soil borne oxyfluorfen to the lower branch leaves causing some leaf burns. Spring application of oxyfluorfen at a rate of 350 g ai per ha followed by summer application of oxyfluorfen and paraquat tank mixture (350 g ai + 490 g ai) was the best choice for the non-mulched interbed area weed control among the treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 1989

Since most chemicals effect to the non-target organisms, present study was conducted to determine the effects of some herbicides to soybean nodule bacteria(Rhizobium japonicum) in vitro. Selective upland herbicides Alachlor, Linuron, Simazine and nonselective Paraquat were medicated to the YEMA media and survival rate of the bacteria in the medium was measured a week after incubation. Survival of soybean nodule bacteria in the media medicated with recommended concentration 400 ppm of Alachlor and Linuron were decreased significantly by 27.4 ％ and 57.8 ％, respectively. While little effect was observed in Simazine, a marked reduction of survival was observed in 200 ppm of Paraquat. Effects of Alachlor was different with isolates of the nodule bacteria. Isolate I -122 was relatively resistant and I -145 was more sensitive. than other isolates tested. Intermediate K-5 was the most resistant at the recommended dose and the survival dose was drastically reduced with increment of concentration. Nodule formation of the soybean plants was different with the varieties and isolates. The most nodulation was observed in the resistant isolates I -122 and K-S, for which the nodulation might be related with the resistance to the environmental stress factors.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.577-583
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• 2014

Benzyladenine (BA, 99% purity), MaxCel$^{(R)}$ (1.9% BA), Fruitone (3.5% NAA), MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, a nd s imazine were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA and MaxCel$^{(R)}$ were applied at $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. while Fruitone at $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. and simazine at $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. All PGRs were applied at 8 days after full bloom (DAFB, 6 mm fruit diameter) in both cultivars, while simazine was treated twice at 7 and 14 DAFB. In 'Hongro', the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.67, 1.84, and 1.81 in MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + F ruitone, MaxCel$^{(R)}$, and simazine applications, respectively, when compared with 2.35 of water control. These reductions in fruit set were mainly attributed to the increased ratio of defruited clusters by the thinning agents. In 'Fuji' apple, the number of total fruit set per flower cluster in terminal buds was 1.29, 1.60, and 1.76 in MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, Fruitone, and MaxCel$^{(R)}$, respectively, when compared with 2.56 of water control in 'Fuji' apple. The addition of Fruitone to the MaxCel$^{(R)}$ promoted the thinning efficacy in both cultivars, compared to MaxCel$^{(R)}$ only. The thinning efficacies were similarly observed with lateral flowers in both cultivars. A significant increase of fruit weight by the postbloom thinning treatments was observed only in the BA application in 'Hongro', while the effect was observed in BA and MaxCel$^{(R)}$ in 'Fuji'. While the soluble solids content increased in the BA, MaxCel$^{(R)}$ and MaxCel$^{(R)}$+Fruitone treatments in both cultivars, other fruit quality attributes were not affected by the application of post-bloom thinning agents.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.1688-1689
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• 2011

A simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the quantitative analysis of common triazine herbicides. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to clarify the detection voltage which showed characteristic irreversible cathodic peaks. For the analysis, the mixture of triazine herbicides was applied in a microfluidic chip to determine the CE-separated peaks. Soil sample extracts were analyzed directly after drying and redissolution with the supporting electrolyte but without other pretreatment. The results were comparable to those obtained by HPLC with UV detection. Therefore, this method can be used in the rapid determination of pesticide/herbicide residues.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.77-80
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• 2018

The focus of this paper is to present techniques to overcome certain difficulties in quantitative analysis with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The method is based on conventional solid-phase extraction, followed by reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography of the extract, and mass spectrometric analysis. The target compounds included atenolol, atrazine, caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, estrone, ibuprofen, naproxen, simazine, sucralose, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. The matrix effects caused by high concentrations of organic compounds in wastewater are especially significant in electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Internal-standard calibration with isotopically labeled standards corrects the results for many matrix effects, but some peculiarities were observed. The problems encountered in quantitation of carbamazepine and triclosan, due to nonlinear calibration were solved by changing the internal standard and using a narrower mass window. With simazine, the use of a quadratic calibration curve was the best solution.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of herbicides and their damages to lawn plant for the control of lawn weeds using pre-emergence granule herbicide at the two years old lawn field. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1)Herbicidal damages to lawn grass were observed at the higher concentration than the recommended level in four herbicides used in this trial. The optimum dosages for the control of lawn weeds were 3-6g in Lasso, 3g in Machet, 8-24g in Simazine, and 4g in Trifluralin, respectively. 2)No herbicidal damages was observed in Simazine treatment, whereas Lasso and Machet treatment showed a little and severe herbicidal damages, respectively. The most severe damage was found in Trifluralin treatment, indicating that this herbicide is not suitable for the control of lawn weeds.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.181-183
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• 2008

본 연구는 회분식과 연속식으로 나누어 숯의 농약 흡착 능력을 평가하였다. 실험에 사용된 농약은 Simazine, Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Butachlor, Malathion이다. 회분식 실험 결과에 따르면, 흑탄과 백탄 양을 0.1g, 1g, 10g, 50g씩 증가시킬수록 농약 성분의 제거율이 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 흑탄이 백탄 보다 농약 성분을 잘 제거하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 1g 주입시 흑탄은 백탄보다 Malathion을 약 15%, Rutachlor을 약 19%, Fenitrothion을 약 25%씩 제거율이 더 높게 나타난 것으로 보아 흡착이 잘된다고 판단된다. 반면에 회분식에서 Diazinon의 제거율은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났나. 연속식 실험에서도 흑탄이 백탄보다 더 높은 제거율을 나타내었으며, 특히 흑탄 칼럼에서는 흡착 시간$(21\sim31hr)$에서 농약 성분의 평균 제거율을 비교해 본 결과, Simazine은 90%, Fenitrothion은 82%, Butachlor은 81%로 나타났으며, 특히 Diazinon의 제거율은 55%로 나타나 상대적으로 흡착이 잘 되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.434-451
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• 2017

For this study, groundwater samples for 3 years from 2011 through 2013 were collected at 106 groundwater monitoring site in Korea. These groundwater samples were analyzed for 13 pesticides such as cabofuran, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, simazine, atrazine, lindane (gamma-HCH), alachlor, heptachlor, chlordane (total), endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection frequency and their concentrations of 13 pesticides and evaluate the health risk level considering ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact using concentrations of 13 pesticides in groundwater samples. An analysis was used for the simultaneous determination for 13 pesticides using GC-MS. GC-MS was performed on HP-5ms, using helium ($1ml\;min^{-1}$) as carrier gas. The average recoveries of the pesticides were from 92.8% to 120.8%. The limits of detection (LODs) were between $0.004{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.118{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were between $0.012{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.354{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. 106 groundwater wells were selected. 54 wells were from well to monitor background groundwater quality and 52 wells were from well to monitor groundwater quality in industrial or contamination source area. Eight pesticides including pentachlorobenzene, lindane (Gamma-HCH), heptachlor, chlordane (total), Endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, and 4,4-DDT were not detected in groundwater samples. The detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran and simazine was 23.4%, 11.4%, 7.3%, and 1.0%, respectively. Atrazine was detected once in 2011. The average concentrations were $0.00423{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for carbofuran, $0.000243{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for alachlor, $0.00015{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for simazine, and $0.00001{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for hexachlorobenzene. The detection frequency of hexachlorobenzene was high, but the average concentration was low. In the contaminated groundwater, the detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran, simazine and atrazine was 26.1%, 21.3%, 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively. In the uncontaminated groundwater, detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, carbofuran and alachlor were 20.2%, 7.5%, and 1.9% respectively. Simazine and atrazine were not detected at uncontaminated groundwater wells. According to the purpose of groundwater use, atrazine was detected for agricultural groundwater use. Hexachlorobenzene showed high detection frequency at agricultural groundwater use area where the animal feeding area and golf course area were located. Alachlor showed more than 50% detection frequency at cropping area, pollution concern river area, and golf course area. Atrazine was detected in agricultural water use area. By land use, the maximum detection frequency of alachlor was found near an orchard. For human risk assessment, the cancer risk for the 5 pesticides was between $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-10}$, while the non-cancer risk (HQ value) was between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-6}$. For conclusion, these monitoring study needs to continue because of the possibility of groundwater contamination based on various purpose of groundwater use.