• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.795-799
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• 1989

효모 Kluyveromyces fragilis SKD-7001로부터 정제한 ${\beta}-galactosidase$를 이용하여 시유의 유당을 가수분해 시키고, 이 효소의 처리유로 요구르트를 제조하여 이들의 이화학적 성분의 변화를 검토하였다. 효소의 농도를 3.0units/ml 처리시 120분간 $40^{\circ}C$에서 반응시켰을 때 유당의 가수분해율이 75.0%를 나타내었고, 6.0units/ml 처리시 120분간 반응시켰을 때에는 94.6%이었다. ${\beta}-galactosidase$의 처리유로 요구르트를 제조하여 pH, 산도, 유산균의 생균수를 정토해 본 결과, $40^{\circ}C$에서 8시간 매양하였을 때 pH4.1, 산도 1.04% 그리고 유산균의 생균수는 각각 Str. thermophilus가 $6.5{\times}10^8/ml$, L. bulgaricus가 $8.9{\times}10^8/ml$를 나타내었다. 총 아미노산을 분석해 본 결과 총 함량은 대조 요구르트가 2.63%, LH 요구르트가 2.19%로써, LH 요구르트보다 대조 요구르트 함량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유리 아미노산을 분석해 본 결과 총 함량은 시유의 경우 대조 요구르트가 26.95mg%, LH 요구르트가 17.55mg%로써, LH 요구르트보다 대조 요구르트의 함량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 지방산에 있어서는 LH 요구르트가 대조 요구르트보다 caprylic, capric, lauric acid 등의 저급 지방산 함량이 약간 높은 경향을 보였고, 고급 지방산 중에서는 palmitic acid의 함량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1571-1586
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• 2012

지구상에는 약 5,400여 종의 포유동물이 있고 그 중 약 1,000여 종은 풀을 뜯어 먹고 사는 초식동물이다. 초식동물 중에서 약 250여 종이 반추동물로 알려져 있다. 반추동물인 소와 양은 반추위에서 주로 발효가 일어나지만 비반추동물인 돼지와 사람은 맹장과 결장, 직장에서 주로 발효가 일어난다. 반추위 미생물의 종류와 우점도 Bacteroidetes 51%, Firmicutes 43% 존재하며, 사람의 대장미생물의 우점도Firmicutes 65%, Bacteroidetes 25%로 존재한다. 풀의 세포벽 구성성분은 미생물에 의해 분해, 발효에 의해 SCFA (short chain fatty acid)를 생성하게 되고 acetate, propionate, butyrate 생성비율은 60:25:15이다. 장내 primary butyrate transporter인 MCT1(monocarboxylatetransports-1)에 의해서 흡수된 butyrate는 SCFA receptor GPR43과 GPR41을 활성화시킨다. Butyrate는 강력한 anti-tumorigenic 기능을 가지고 있다. Butyrate는 다양한 cancer cell에 효과를 나타내며 세포내의 기능 조절에 기여하고, 암세포사멸을 유도하는 특성이 있다. Butyrate는 caspase의 활성화, HDAC (histone deacetylase) 활성을 억제하여apoptosis를 유도하고, p53 발현증가로 cell cycle arrest와 apoptosis를 유도한다. SCFA의 항 염증작용으로는 장 상피세포에서 IL-8 발현 감소, NO합성과 NF-${\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$)의 활성을 억제하여 염증으로 인한 암 발생을 억제한다. Butyrate는 장 점막의 생리적 기능을 유지하는데 중요한 역할을 하며 IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) 치료법으로 이용되고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of phytosterol ester addition on lowering blood cholesterol in cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese. For cholesterol removal, separated cream was treated with 10% ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin at 800 rpm, then blended with remaining skim milk and homogenized with 1,000 psi at $70^{\circ}C$. Experimental cheeses were manufactured by five different levels of phytosterol addition. After the cholesterol reduction process by ;${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, the cholesterol removal rate was in the range of 91.0 to 92.1%. Amount of short-chain free fatty acid and free amino acids increased with an increase of phytosterol ester, and those were significantly different from that of control in all ripening periods. All rheological properties also increased with an increase of phytosterol ester during ripening period. In sensory analysis, the scores of rancid, bitterness Cheddar flavor and off-flavor intensities increased significantly, while texture was decreased during ripening in phytosterol ester-added groups. Total blood cholesterol was reduced by 18% when rats were fed Cheddar cheese treated with 8% phytosterol. The present study indicated that phytosterol ester addition resulted in a profound lowering effect of blood with cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to elucidate effects of fructooligosaccharide on gastrointestinal tract and blood lipids of rats when this was supplied as purchased condition or oligosaccharide containing sponge cake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of 3 treatments 1) control diet 2) 7.5% fructooligosaccharide containing diet (FOS diet) 3) lyophilized sponge cake powder containing diet (FOS-C diet). The sponge cake was made with fractooligosaccharide which replaced 40% of its surose, and the final concentration of fructooligosaccharide in FOS-C diet was 7.5%. Cecal and fecal water contents, amount of cecal content, and cecal wall weight were higher from fructooligosaccharide consumption, whereas total gut transit time was longer in rats consuming fructooligosaccharide compared with those fed control diet. Cecal and fecal pH were lower in FOS and FOS-C groups than in control group. Total cecal SCFA pools were higher from ingesting fructooligosaccharide containing diets compared with control diet. Serum triglyceride levels were lower in rats fed FOS and FOS-C diet than those fed control diet, while serum cholesterol levels were unaffected by treatment. Therefore the effects of fructooligosaccharide in sponge cake on serum lipids and gastrointestinal tract were similar to those of intact fructooligosaccharide. Also, adding 7.5% of FOS accompanied diarrhea symptom which suggests some precaution are needed when using FOS.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.342-350
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• 2017

The present study examined the physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of Queso Blanco cheese supplemented with powdered microcapsules containing tomato extracts (0.5-2.0%) during storage at $7^{\circ}C$ for 60 d. The lactic acid bacterial count and lycopene concentrations in Queso Blanco cheese supplemented with powdered microcapsules were significantly higher than those of the control. In a texture analysis, the gumminess, chewiness, and hardness values for Queso Blanco cheese were significantly higher with increasing concentrations of the powdered microcapsules containing tomato extracts. Total short-chain fatty acids in Queso Blanco cheese supplemented with powdered microcapsules containing tomato extracts were not significantly altered compared to the control. Sensory evaluation scores for the yellowness, tomato taste, and firmness of Queso Blanco cheese were significantly higher after supplementation with powdered microcapsules containing tomato extracts.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 2004년도 제34차 추계 국제 학술대회
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• pp.358-362
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$로 크림치즈의 콜레스테롤을 효과적으로 제거하는 실험을 수행 하였으며, 크림치즈의 이화학적 변화와 관능적 특성을 살펴보았다. 크림치즈를 만들기 위한 유지방 함량 36%의 크림을 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$로 처리 시 콜레스테롤 제거 최적 조건은 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$ 10%를 첨가해 교반온도 $20^{\circ}C$, 교반시간 30분, 교반속도 800rpm으로 실험한 결과 콜레스테롤 제거율이 평균 82.0%로 나타났다. 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$처리 크림치즈는 short-chain fatty acid의 경우 저장 기간이 지남에 따라 control과 powder ${\beta}-CD$ 처리한 크림치즈에 비해 저급 지방산 생성에 변화가 거의 없고, 쓴맛을 내는 아미노산의 경우 저장 기간 동안 control과 powder ${\beta}-CD$처리 크림치즈에 비해 생산량이 현저하게 적었다. 또한 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$처리 크림치즈의 조직검사에서 다른 항목에서보다 저장 기간 동안 응집성이 변함이 없으며 그 수치가 높게 평가되었다. 관능검사 결과, 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$처리 크림치즈는 저장 기간 동안 쓴맛의 증가가 거의 없었고 전체적인 기호도 또한 높았다. 위 실험 결과에 따르면, 가교화 ${\beta}-CD$ 사용결과 cholesterol 제거율이 높으며, 제품에 적용시 재활용이 가능하고 품질이 향상되므로 이를 유가공 산업에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2021

In recent years, restoring anti-tumor immunity has garnered a growing interest in cancer treatment. As potential therapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated benefits in many clinical studies. Although various methods have been applied to suppress immune checkpoints to boost anti-tumor immunity, including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there are still unmet clinical needs to improve the response rate of cancer treatment. Here, we show that acetate can suppress the expression of poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155), a ligand for immune checkpoint, in colon cancer cells. We demonstrated that acetate treatment could enhance effector responses of CD8⁺ T cells by decreasing the expression of PVR/CD155 in cancer cells. We also found that acetate could reduce the expression of PVR/CD155 by deactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway. These results demonstrate that acetate-mediated expression of PVR/CD155 in cancer cells might potentiate the anti-tumor immunity in the microenvironment of cancer. Our findings indicate that maintaining particular acetate concentrations could be a complementary strategy in current cancer treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.640-653
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• 2022

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin contaminant of cereal-based food and animal feed. The toxicity of DON is very low compared to that of other toxins; however, the most prominent signs of DON exposure include inappetence and body weight loss, which causes considerable economic losses in the livestock industry. This review summarizes critical studies on biological DON mycotoxin mitigation strategies and the respective in vitro and in vivo intestinal effects. Focus areas include growth performance, gut health in terms of intestinal histomorphology, epithelial barrier functions, the intestinal immune system and microflora, and short-chain fatty acid production in the intestines. In addition, DON detoxification and modulation of these parameters, through biological supplements, are discussed. Biological detoxification of DON using microorganisms can attenuate DON toxicity by modulating gut microbiota and improving gut health with or without influencing the growth performance of pigs. However, the use of microorganisms as feed additives to livestock for mycotoxins detoxification needs more research before commercial use.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.823-830
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• 2023

Lactococcus lactis is a lactic acid bacterium and used in the dairy food industry. The ameliorating effects of Lactobacillus species on atopic dermatitis (AD) have been extensively studied, but the specific effect of L. lactis strains has not yet been investigated. In this study, the efficacy of L. lactis LB 1022, isolated from natural cheese, was evaluated using RAW 264.7, HMC-1 and HaCaT cell lines and an ovalbumin-sensitized AD mouse model. L. lactis LB 1022 exhibited nitric oxide suppression and anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Oral administration of L. lactis LB 1022 to AD mice significantly reduced the levels of IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils, and a range of T cell-mediated T helper Th1, Th2, and Th17-type cytokines under interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). In addition, L. lactis LB 1022 treatment increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Overall, L. lactis LB 1022 significantly modulated AD-like symptoms by altering metabolites and the immune response, illustrating its potential as candidate for use in functional food supplements to alleviate AD.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.645-651
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• 2007

Male weanling Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate the effect of dietary rice starch with different particle size on growth performance, intestinal function and proliferation. There were two dietary treatment: rice starch (RS), ultra finely pulverized rice starch with less than $15{\mu}m$ size (PRS). They were eight rats per treatment. In vitro digestibility, body weight change and organs weight were evaluated. Serum GPT, GOT and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed. Transit time, short chain fatty acid contents of cecum, and cell proliferation of duodenum and jejunum were measured. In vitro digestibility of PRS was higher than that of RS. Rats fed ultra finely pulverized rice starch for 3 weeks grew faster than rats fed rice starch. PRS group has higher weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat pad, perhaps as a result of increased digestibility. GPT and GOT were not different between two groups. Blood urea nitrogen was higher in RS-fed rats than that of PRS-fed rats. Feeding ultra finely pulverized rice starch resulted in a proliferation of duodenum significantly. These results suggest that ultra finely pulverized rice starch increases the growth performance in weanling animals with reduced number of cells in the cell cycle of small intestine.