Protective effects of biological feed additives on gut microbiota and the health of pigs exposed to deoxynivalenol: a review |
Neeraja, Recharla
(Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University)
Sungkwon, Park (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University) Minji, Kim (Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science) Byeonghyeon, Kim (Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science) Jin Young, Jeong (Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science) |
1 | Jia R, Sadiq FA, Liu W, Cao L, Shen Z. Protective effects of Bacillus subtilis ASAG 216 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota and tissues residues of weaned piglets fed deoxynivalenol contaminated diets. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;148:111962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111962 DOI |
2 | Li F, Wang J, Huang L, Chen H, Wang C. Effects of adding Clostridium sp. WJ06 on intestinal morphology and microbial diversity of growing pigs fed with natural deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat. Toxins. 2017;9:383. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9120383 DOI |
3 | Alassane-Kpembi I, Puel O, Pinton P, Cossalter AM, Chou TC, Oswald IP. Co-exposure to low doses of the food contaminants deoxynivalenol and nivalenol has a synergistic inflammatory effect on intestinal explants. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91:2677-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1902-9 DOI |
4 | Wu W, He K, Zhou HR, Berthiller F, Adam G, Sugita-Konishi Y, et al. Effects of oral exposure to naturally-occurring and synthetic deoxynivalenol congeners on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;278:107-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.016 DOI |
5 | Zhang H, Deng X, Zhou C, Wu W, Zhang H. Deoxynivalenol induces inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by activating P38 Mapk and Erk1/2. Toxins. 2020;12:180. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030180 DOI |
6 | Kang R, Li R, Dai P, Li Z, Li Y, Li C. Deoxynivalenol induced apoptosis and inflammation of IPEC-J2 cells by promoting ROS production. Environ Pollut. 2019;251:689-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.026 DOI |
7 | Nagashima H, Nakagawa H. Differences in the toxicities of trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, in cultured cells. Jpn Agric Res Q. 2014;48:393-7. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.48.393 DOI |
8 | Wang S, Yang J, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wu K, Yang A, et al. Potential link between gut microbiota and deoxynivalenol-induced feed refusal in weaned piglets. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67:4976-86. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01037 DOI |
9 | Xu X, Yan G, Chang J, Wang P, Yin Q, Liu C, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the protective mechanism of glycyrrhinic acid for deoxynivalenol-induced inflammation and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:5974157. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5974157 DOI |
10 | Obremski K, Zielonka L, Gajecka M, Jakimiuk E, Bakula T, Baranowski M, et al. Histological estimation of the small intestine wall after administration of feed containing deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in the pig. Pol J Vet Sci. 2008;11:339-45. |
11 | Goyarts T, Danicke S. Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated wheat for the pig. Toxicol Lett. 2006;163:171-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.007 DOI |
12 | Ayyash M, Olaimat A, Al-Nabulsi A, Liu SQ. Bioactive properties of novel probiotic Lactococcus lactis fermented camel sausages: cytotoxicity, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, antioxidant capacity, and antidiabetic activity. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2020;40:155-71. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2020.e1 DOI |
13 | Lee Y, Yoon Y, Choi K. Probiotics-mediated bioconversion and periodontitis. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2021;41:905-22. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2021.e57 DOI |
14 | Vogt SL, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota-mediated protection against diarrheal infections. J Travel Med. 2017;24:S39-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw086 DOI |
15 | Wache YJ, Valat C, Postollec G, Bougeard S, Burel C, Oswald IP, et al. Impact of deoxynivalenol on the intestinal microflora of pigs. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10:1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10010001 DOI |
16 | Wang S, Zhang C, Yang J, Wang X, Wu K, Zhang B, et al. Sodium butyrate protects the intestinal barrier by modulating intestinal host defense peptide expression and gut microbiota after a challenge with deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68:4515-27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00791 DOI |
17 | Reddy KE, Jeong JY, Song J, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Kim DW, et al. Colon microbiome of pigs fed diet contaminated with commercial purified deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Toxins. 2018;10:347. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10090347 DOI |
18 | Reddy KE, Kim M, Kim KH, Ji SY, Baek Y, Chun JL, et al. Effect of commercially purified deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins on microbial diversity of pig cecum contents. Anim Biosci. 2021;34:243-55. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0137 DOI |
19 | Li E, Horn N, Ajuwon KM. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced endocytosis and degradation of tight junction proteins in jejunal IPEC-J2 cells involve selective activation of the MAPK pathways. Arch Toxicol. 2021;95:2065-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03044-w DOI |
20 | Chlebicz A, Slizewska K. In vitro detoxification of aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone by probiotic bacteria from genus Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12:289-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-018-9512-x DOI |
21 | Parada Venegas D, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, Gonzalez MJ, Quera R, Dijkstra G, et al. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277 DOI |
22 | Maresca M, Yahi N, Younes-Sakr L, Boyron M, Caporiccio B, Fantini J. Both direct and indirect effects account for the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium: stimulation of interleukin-8 secretion, potentiation of interleukin-1β effect and increase in the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;228:84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.013 DOI |
23 | Yang X, Liang S, Guo F, Ren Z, Yang X, Long F. Gut microbiota mediates the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum in ameliorating deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and intestinal inflammation of broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2020;99:2395-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.034 DOI |
24 | Wang S, Hou Q, Guo Q, Zhang J, Sun Y, Wei H, et al. Isolation and characterization of a deoxynivalenol-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis YB9 with the capability of modulating intestinal microbial flora of mice. Toxins. 2020;12:184. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030184 DOI |
25 | Scheppach W. Effects of short chain fatty acids on gut morphology and function. Gut. 1994;35:S35-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.1_Suppl.S35 DOI |
26 | Qiu Y, Yang J, Wang L, Yang X, Gao K, Zhu C, et al. Dietary resveratrol attenuation of intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage is linked to the alteration of gut microbiota and butyrate in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00596-w DOI |
27 | Smith MC, Madec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds and their in vitro combined toxicological effects. Toxins. 2016;8:94. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8040094 DOI |
28 | de Almeida AP, Lamardo LCA, Shundo L, da Silva SA, Navas SA, Alaburda J, et al. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour, instant noodle and biscuits commercialised in Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill. 2016;9:251-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2016.1195880 DOI |
29 | Zhao H, Wang Y, Zou Y, Zhao M. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol in soy sauces consumed in China. Food Control. 2013;29:71-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.066 DOI |
30 | Sobrova P, Adam V, Vasatkova A, Beklova M, Zeman L, Kizek R. Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2010;3:94-9. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-010-0019-x DOI |
31 | Guerre P. Mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions. Toxins. 2020;12:769. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120769 DOI |
32 | Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol: toxicity, mechanisms and animal health risks. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2007;137:283-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.006 DOI |
33 | Diesing AK, Nossol C, Panther P, Walk N, Post A, Kluess J, et al. Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) mediates biphasic cellular response in intestinal porcine epithelial cell lines IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2. Toxicol Lett. 2011;200:8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.006 DOI |
34 | Nossol C, Landgraf P, Kahlert S, Oster M, Isermann B, Dieterich DC, et al. Deoxynivalenol affects cell metabolism and increases protein biosynthesis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2): DON increases protein biosynthesis. Toxins. 2018;10:464. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110464 DOI |
35 | Springler A, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Early activation of MAPK p44/42 is partially involved in DON-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier function and tight junction network. Toxins. 2016;8:264. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8090264 DOI |
36 | Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol-induced proinflammatory gene expression: mechanisms and pathological sequelae. Toxins. 2010;2:1300-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2061300 DOI |
37 | Pinton P, Oswald IP. Effect of deoxynivalenol and other Type B trichothecenes on the intestine: a review. Toxins. 2014;6:1615-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6051615 DOI |
38 | Oswald IP. Role of intestinal epithelial cells in the innate immune defence of the pig intestine. Vet Res. 2006;37:359-68. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006006 DOI |
39 | Jia R, Liu W, Zhao L, Cao L, Shen Z. Low doses of individual and combined deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in naturally moldy diets impair intestinal functions via inducing inflammation and disrupting epithelial barrier in the intestine of piglets. Toxicol Lett. 2020;333:159-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.032 DOI |
40 | Halasz A, Lasztity R, Abonyi T, Bata A. Decontamination of mycotoxin-containing food and feed by biodegradation. Food Rev Int. 2009;25:284-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120903155750 DOI |
41 | Hathout AS, Aly SE. Biological detoxification of mycotoxins: a review. Ann Microbiol. 2014;64:905-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0899-7 DOI |
42 | Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Watts C, Zhou T. Innovative technologies for the mitigation of mycotoxins in animal feed and ingredients: a review of recent patents. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2016;216:19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.030 DOI |
43 | Alassane-Kpembi I, Canlet C, Tremblay-Franco M, Jourdan F, Chalzaviel M, Pinton P, et al. 1H-NMR metabolomics response to a realistic diet contamination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: effect of probiotics supplementation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;138:111222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111222 DOI |
44 | Bracarense APFL, Lucioli J, Grenier B, Drociunas Pacheco G, Moll WD, Schatzmayr G, et al. Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, alone or in interaction, induces morphological and immunological changes in the intestine of piglets. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:1776-86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511004946 DOI |
45 | Kolf-Clauw M, Castellote J, Joly B, Bourges-Abella N, Raymond-Letron I, Pinton P, et al. Development of a pig jejunal explant culture for studying the gastrointestinal toxicity of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: histopathological analysis. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009;23:1580-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.015 DOI |
46 | Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Cao L, Zhu L, Huang Y, et al. Deoxynivalenol induces inflammatory injury in IPEC-J2 cells via NF-κB signaling pathway. Toxins. 2019;11:733. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120733 DOI |
47 | Maidana LG, Gerez J, Pinho F, Garcia S, Bracarense APFL. Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants improve intestinal tissue exposed to deoxynivalenol. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2017;69:666-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2017.06.005 DOI |
48 | Xiao H, Tan BE, Wu MM, Yin YL, Li TJ, Yuan DX, et al. Effects of composite antimicrobial peptides in weanling piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol: II. Intestinal morphology and function. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:4750-6. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6427 DOI |
49 | Schoultz I, Keita AV. The intestinal barrier and current techniques for the assessment of gut permeability. Cells. 2020;9:1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081909 DOI |
50 | Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Bohm J, Zentek J. Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2010;27:510-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440040903571747 DOI |
51 | Holanda DM, Kim SW. Mycotoxin occurrence, toxicity, and detoxifying agents in pig production with an emphasis on deoxynivalenol. Toxins. 2021;13:171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020171 DOI |
52 | Shima J, Takase S, Takahashi Y, Iwai Y, Fujimoto H, Yamazaki M, et al. Novel detoxification of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a soil bacterium isolated by enrichment culture. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:3825-30. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.10.3825-3830.1997 DOI |
53 | Yu H, Zhou T, Gong J, Young C, Su X, Li XZ, et al. Isolation of deoxynivalenol-transforming bacteria from the chicken intestines using the approach of PCR-DGGE guided microbial selection. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:182. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-182 DOI |
54 | Wang G, Wang Y, Man H, Lee YW, Shi J, Xu J. Metabolomics-guided analysis reveals a twostep epimerization of deoxynivalenol catalyzed by the bacterial consortium IFSN-C1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104:6045-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10673-1 DOI |
55 | Schatzmayr G, Taubel M, Vekiru E, Moll D, Schatzmayr D, Binder EM, et al. Detoxification of mycotoxins by biotransformation. In: Barug D, Bhatnagar D, van Egmond HP, van der Kamp JW, van Osenbruggen WA, Visconti A, editors. The mycotoxin factbook, food feed top. Wageningen Academic: Wageningen; 2006. p. 363-75. |
56 | Gresse R, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Fleury MA, Van de Wiele T, Forano E, Blanquet-Diot S. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in postweaning piglets: understanding the keys to health. Trends Microbiol. 2017;25:851-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.004 DOI |
57 | Pomothy JM, Paszti-Gere E, Barna RF, Prokoly D, Jerzsele A. The impact of fermented wheat germ extract on porcine epithelial cell line exposed to deoxynivalenol and T-2 mycotoxins. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:3854247. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3854247 DOI |
58 | Goossens J, Pasmans F, Verbrugghe E, Vandenbroucke V, De Baere S, Meyer E, et al. Porcine intestinal epithelial barrier disruption by the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin promotes transepithelial passage of doxycycline and paromomycin. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:245. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-245 DOI |
59 | Diesing AK, Nossol C, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K, Kluess J, Walk N, et al. Gene regulation of intestinal porcine epithelial cells IPEC-J2 is dependent on the site of deoxynivalenol toxicological action. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e34136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034136 DOI |
60 | Pinton P, Nougayrede JP, Del Rio JC, Moreno C, Marin DE, Ferrier L, et al. The food contaminant deoxynivalenol, decreases intestinal barrier permeability and reduces claudin expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;237:41-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.003 DOI |
61 | Chelakkot C, Ghim J, Ryu SH. Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x DOI |
62 | Suzuki T. Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: the role of tight junctions. Anim Sci J. 2020;91:e13357. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13357 DOI |
63 | Pinton P, Tsybulskyy D, Lucioli J, Laffitte J, Callu P, Lyazhri F, et al. Toxicity of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives on the intestine: differential effects on morphology, barrier function, tight junction proteins, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicol Sci. 2012;130:180-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs239 DOI |
64 | Wang S, Yang J, Zhang B, Wu K, Yang A, Li C, et al. Deoxynivalenol impairs porcine intestinal host defense peptide expression in weaned piglets and IPEC-J2 cells. Toxins. 2018;10:541. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120541 DOI |
65 | Accensi F, Pinton P, Callu P, Abella-Bourges N, Guelfi JF, Grosjean F, et al. Ingestion of low doses of deoxynivalenol does not affect hematological, biochemical, or immune responses of piglets. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:1935-42. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-355 DOI |
66 | Alizadeh A, Braber S, Akbari P, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. Deoxynivalenol impairs weight gain and affects markers of gut health after low-dose, short-term exposure of growing pigs. Toxins. 2015;7:2071-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7062071 DOI |
67 | Holanda DM, Kim SW. Efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifiers on health and growth of newlyweaned pigs under chronic dietary challenge of deoxynivalenol. Toxins. 2020;12:311. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050311 DOI |
68 | Wellington MO, Bosompem MA, Petracek R, Nagl V, Columbus DA. Effect of long-term feeding of graded levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and organ health in finishing pigs and DON content in biological samples. J Anim Sci. 2020;98:skaa378. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa378 DOI |
69 | Wu L, Liao P, He L, Ren W, Yin J, Duan J, et al. Growth performance, serum biochemical profile, jejunal morphology, and the expression of nutrients transporter genes in deoxynivalenol (DON)- challenged growing pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0449-y DOI |
70 | Reddy KE, Song J, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kim DW, Jung HJ, et al. Effects of high levels of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on growth performance, and hematological and immunological parameters in pigs. Toxins. 2018;10:114. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030114 DOI |
71 | Kariyawasam KMGMM, Yang SJ, Lee NK, Paik HD. Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus brevis KU200019 and synergistic activity with fructooligosaccharides in antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2020;40:297-310. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2020.e15 DOI |
72 | Gu MJ, Song SK, Park SM, Lee IK, Yun CH. Bacillus subtilis protects porcine intestinal barrier from deoxynivalenol via improved zonula occludens-1 expression. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2014;27:580-6. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13744 DOI |
73 | Lessard M, Savard C, Deschene K, Lauzon K, Pinilla VA, Gagnon CA, et al. Impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated feed on intestinal integrity and immune response in swine. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;80:7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.013 DOI |
74 | Gao X, Mu P, Wen J, Sun Y, Chen Q, Deng Y. Detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins by a novel bacterium, Eggerthella sp. DII-9. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;112:310-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.066 DOI |
75 | Alassane-Kpembi I, Pinton P, Hupe JF, Neves M, Lippi Y, Combes S, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii reduces the deoxynivalenol-induced alteration of the intestinal transcriptome. Toxins. 2018;10:199. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050199 DOI |
76 | Weaver AC, See MT, Hansen JA, Kim YB, De Souza ALP, Middleton TF, et al. The use of feed additives to reduce the effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on pig growth, organ health and immune status during chronic exposure. Toxins. 2013;5:1261-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5071261 DOI |
77 | Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Nussler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Deoxynivalenol, gut microbiota and immunotoxicity: a potential approach? Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;112:342-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.013 DOI |
78 | Li X, Guo Y, Zhao L, Fan Y, Ji C, Zhang J, et al. Protective effects of Devosia sp. ANSB714 on growth performance, immunity function, antioxidant capacity and tissue residues in growingfinishing pigs fed with deoxynivalenol contaminated diets. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;121:246-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.007 DOI |
79 | Young LG, McGirr L, Valli VE, Lumsden JH, Lun A. Vomitoxin in corn fed to young pigs. J Anim Sci. 1983;57:655-64. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.573655x DOI |
80 | Dersjant-Li Y, Verstegen MWA, Gerrits WJJ. The impact of low concentrations of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol or fumonisin in diets on growing pigs and poultry. Nutr Res Rev. 2003;16:223-39. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200368 DOI |
81 | Sayyari A, Faeste CK, Hansen U, Uhlig S, Framstad T, Schatzmayr D, et al. Effects and biotransformation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in growing pigs fed with naturally contaminated pelleted grains with and without the addition of Coriobacteriaceum DSM 11798. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2018;35:1394-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1461254 DOI |
82 | Liu M, Zhang L, Chu XH, Ma R, Wang YW, Liu Q, et al. Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;141:111373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111373 DOI |
83 | Weaver AC, See MT, Kim SW. Protective effect of two yeast based feed additives on pigs chronically exposed to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Toxins. 2014;6:3336-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6123336 DOI |
84 | Franco TS, Garcia S, Hirooka EY, Ono YS, dos Santos JS. Lactic acid bacteria in the inhibition of Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol detoxification. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;111:739-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05074.x DOI |
![]() |