• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of shading treatment on the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and its any correlations in Liriope platyphylla $W_{ANG}\;et\;T_{ANG}$. Followings were achieved as a conclusion. The net photosynthetic rate was increased as the PAR was increased and reached maximum at the $700-1000{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ of PAR in all of leaves, also this treatment caused a higher net photosynthetic rate in comparison with control. It shows the tendency of increasing stomatal conductance caused by the increment of PAR. The diurnal changes of photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR was increased in the morning, but they indicated a decreased tendency in broad day. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance is well fit by the first regression linear equation. However, the values obtained from the linear equation have the different, respectively, and have highly significance. From the above results, net photosynthetic rate of shading treatment is higher than control in the same stomatal conductance. Different first regression linear equation were obtained between the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in during the control and shading treatment, too.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Ligularia fischeri seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. It was performed by two ways - temperature control (10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) and shading treatment (Full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75% and 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 2 days). Seeds of L. fischeri were, regardless of seed pre-treatment, germinated well at $10^{\circ}C$ and the more temperature went up, the more germination rate went down. As a result of surveying shading treatment, 75% shading with DRT was the highest germination rate (68.1%) and 95% shading with WS was the lowest germination rate (48.6%). It was showed over-growth under 95% shading treatment experiment and withered in the full sunlight. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, L. fischeri seeds pre-treated with LTW for 15 days germinated well at $10^{\circ}C$ and under 50~75% shading treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.547-555
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• 2014

This study was carried out in order to investigate the germination and the early growth characteristics of Parasenecio firmus. Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Experiment was performed by shading treatment (full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% shading). Seeds of Parasenecio firmus were surveyed the highest germination rate (61.1%) in full sunlight with WS (overall 25.7~61.1%). Height was surveyed the highest under 95% shading. And root collar diameter was surveyed the highest in full sunlight. Fresh weights (leaf, shoot, root and total) were the highest under 50% shading. Dry weights (leaf, shoot and total) were the highest under 75% shading. It was indicated the lowest leaf, shoot, root and total under 95% shading. Leaf growth (leaf area, leaf length, leaf width and leaf thickness) and root growth (total root length, root project area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were good under 35%~75% shading, but the lowest under 95% shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, seed of Parasenecio firmus grows well under 50%~75% shading after germination by high sunlight with water soaking (WS).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.342-348
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature and shading on germination and early growth of Pimpinella brachycarpa. Experiment was performed by temperature controls ($5^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$) and shading treatments (control, 35% shading, 50% shading, and 75% shading). Seed pre-treatment before the germination experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatments for 0day, 20days, and 40days). Seeds of P. brachycarpa were, 20days of seed pre-treatment, germinated well at $5^{\circ}C$ and the more temperature went up, the more germination rate went down. As a result of surveying shading treatments, the height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf width etc were the highest (7.3cm, $12.8cm^2$, 5.4cm, and 2.3cm, respectively) under 50% shading. Specially, the root was grown well under 35% and 50% shading. Fresh weight of shoot (leaves+stem) was the highest under 50% and 75% shading and dry weight of shoot (leaves+stem) was the highest under 35% and 50% shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the production of P. brachycarpa seedling is more effective under 50% shading.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2017

This study was carried out in order to closely examine the growth and the physiological response by shading levels of a container seedling of Daphniphyllum macropodum which is known as the species of having shade tolerance in a warm temperature evergreen broad-leaved tree. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level of full sunlight, and 35%, 55%, 75% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying the height and the root collar diameter growth by the shading level, the height was the highest with 13.2 cm under 35% of shading. The root collar diameter was the highest with 4.99 mm under full sunlight. The organ-based (leaves, shoot and root) dry mass production and the whole dry mass production were higher with 1.38 g, 0.47 g, 0.87 g, 2.72 g, respectively, in order of 35% shading. As for chlorophyll a, b, and the total chlorophyll content, the highest chlorophyll content was shown under 75% of shading with the relatively highest shading level. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (a/b) was the highest under 35% of shading. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were the highest with $12.3{\mu}molCO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, $0.27molH_2O{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, $3.53{\mu}molCO_2{\cdot}mmol^{-1}H_2O$, respectively, under 35% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, D. macropodum grows nicely by maintaining 35% shading.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.152-156
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• 2007

The Condonopsis lanceolata Trautv. was planted in field to investigate the effect of afterwards shading in the condition of sun light of fifty six percent on the characteristics of photosynthesis according to leaf position at flowering stage. The vine length and leaf area were increased with shading treatment in comparison with that of non-shading. Dry weight of leaf and vine indicate opposite tendency with the result above. SLA (specific leaf area) was much more increased in shaded leaves than that obtained from non-shading treatment. The shaded leaves of plant show a higher SPAD value than that of non-shaded leaves. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR was increased. And it is the maximum valve (PAR of 700-1000 ${\mu}$mol/m$^2$/s of PAR) of all leaves. Overnurse and light saturation point of the Condonopsis lanceolata Trautv. shading-treated was improved in comparison with control as net photosynthetic rates of leaves positioned on each part of the stem was increased.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to find an optimum shading level for the growth of root and shoot, and to find the effect of shading level after August on the induction and growth of inflorescence of Phalaenopsis hybrid. The shading levels were 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% of natural light($1200{\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1})$. The $CO_2$ uptake, transpiration rate, carbohydrate content, fresh weight and dry weight of Phalaenopsis hybrid were higher at 50-60% level than the others. But, it was diminished when the shading level was increased from 70% to 90%. Inflorescence length, the number of inflorescence and flower per plant all increased under 50-60% shading level and the day needed for the flowering after treatment decreased. Especially, the induction of inflorescence was depressed and flowering is not occurred under 90% during experiment period. These results suggest that the optimal shading level for the growth of Phalaenopsis including inflorescence was founded to be 50-60% in the season of light intensity and amount of sunshine decrease after august.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 1994

This study was conducted to define the effects of color of polyethylene (P.E.) net shading on the meteorological conditions under the shading growth status, photosynthesis and saponin contents of ginseng plant. Red and blue polyethylene net shading (4 fold) showed a good light intensity of ginseng growth, but red one not only increased air temperature but also resulted in early defoliation. Photosynthetic rate of ginseng leaves was increased in order of red, blue and black shade, Root yield and saponin contents were significantly increased red and blue net as compared with those of common straw shading. Blue color appeared to be most recommendable.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2007

To product the edible fresh shoots of Sedum sarmentosum in summer season, 4 local strains were cultivated with cutting propagation under 0, 30, 50, 70, 90% shading. Effect of shading on shoot growth, leaf chroma value, SPAD value, and bitterness were investigated at 35 days after cutting. Plant height, the number of node and leaf stem diameter in $30{\sim}90%$ shading were increased than in the control, and Pohang local strain had little-overgrowth shoot, thicker stem, a few brenches per shoot, and larger leaf compared to the other local strains. Fresh and dry weight under shading were increased than in the control, dry weight of pohang local strain was highest in 50% shading. Hunter L and b values were decreased out of proportion to higher shading rate. SPAD value in $50{\sim}90%$ shading was significantly lower than in the control. The bitterness of fresh shoot was decreased out of proportion to higher shading rate. In Summer season, producing the fresh shoot of S. sarmentosum was excellent in 50% shading, and Pohang local strain among 4 local strains was more stable and good in yield and quality under shading.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.38-43
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• 2010

Enhancement of exterior's insulation performance like wall or window etc. is general way for building's energy efficient and thermal performance. But exterior's opening plan is important for minimizing the energy consumption and heat loss. In this paper, energy saving rate will be analyzed and compared considering the window area's rate and window's SC(Shading Coefficient) in a apartment with Building Energy Efficiency Rating System's evaluation tool. In the process of evaluation, energy saving rate is measured at each stage of the window area's rate from 20% to 60% every 10% term and the shading coefficient value from 1.0 to 0.6. As a result of this research, energy saving evaluation could not be measured exactly with existing evaluation tool. Accord this research, Building Energy Rating System's evaluation range is needed to be broaden for exact evaluation of energy saving rate.