• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

Background: The study aimed to determine the type of capsular insertion and the extent of capsular elongation in anterior shoulder instability by quantitatively evaluating their computed tomography arthrographic (CTA) findings, and to investigate the correlation of these parameters with surgical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 71 patients who underwent CTA and arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for anterior shoulder instability between April 2004 and August 2008. The control group comprised 72 patients diagnosed as isolated type II superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion during the period. Among the 143 patients, 71 were examined with follow-up CTA at an average 13.8 months after surgery. It was measured the capsular length and cross-sectional area at two distinct capsular regions: the 4 and 5 o'clock position of the capsule. Results: With regards to the incidence of the type of anterior capsular insertion, type I was more common in the control group, whereas type III more common than in the instability group. Anterior capsular length and cross-sectional area were significantly greater in the instability group than in the control group. Among patients of the instability group, the number of dislocations and the presence of anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion were significantly associated with anterior capsular redundancy. Postoperatively, recurrence was found in 3 patients (4.2%) and their postoperative capsular length and cross-sectional area were greater than those of patients without recurrence. Conclusions: Capsular insertion type and capsular redundancy derived through CTA may serve as important parameters for the management of anterior shoulder instability.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2010

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.558-568
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• 2011

Hazardous volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) have been increasingly getting concern in urban air chemistry due to photochemical smog as well as its toxicity or potential hazards. In this study, we investigated their concentrations and the properties in tunnel, urban roadside and residential area. As a result, among 36HVOCs measured in this study, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) and dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, trichlorofluoromethane were detected above the concentration of $1{\mu}g/m^3$ in every sampling site and the most abundant compound was toluene. The other compounds were detected at trace level or below the detection limit. In addition, we found that three CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), such as CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, were persistently detected because of the emission in the past. Toluene to benzene ratio (T/B) at tunnel and roadside were calculated to be 4.3~5.3 and at residential area 15.4, suggesting that the residential area had several emission sources other than car exhaust. The ratio of X/E (m,p-xylene to ethylbenzene) ratio was calculated to be 1.8~2.1 at tunnel, 1.7 at roadside and 1.2 at residential area, which means this ratio reflected well the relative photochemical reactivity between these compounds. Good correlation between m,p-xylene and ethylbenzene ($r^2$ > 0.85) were shown in every study sites. This indicated that correlation between $C_2$-alkylbenzenes were not severely affected by 3-way catalytic converter. In this study, it was demonstrated that the concentration of benzene was very low, compared with national air quality standard (annual average of $5{\mu}g/m^3$). Its concentration were $2.52{\mu}g/m^3$ in roadside and $1.34{\mu}g/m^3$ in residential area. We thought this was the result of persistent policy implementation including the reduction of benzene content in gasoline enforced on January 1, 2009.

• 치과방사선
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.209-221
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• 1999

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to calculate the size and CT number of both normal parotid and submandibular gland. and evaluate their relation to sex, age and obesity using computed tomography. Materials and Methods: The computed tomography was performed parallel to the Frankfurt plane in 46 subjects with healthy salivary gland. The subjects were divided into the three groups (young, middle. old) according to their ages. The size of salivary gland was determined as maximum cross-sectional area and the CT number of salivary gland was determined as the mean CT number of three ROI's. The body mass index was calculated from weight and height. Results: The mean maximum cross-sectional area was 7.79(±1.25)cm² on parotid gland and 4.12(±0.83) cm² on submandibular gland. The mean CT number was -4.43(±23.87) HU on parotid gland and 50.01(±15.63) HU on submandibular gland. There was decreasing pattern of the maximum cross-sectional area of submandibular gland and the CT number of both parotid and submandibular gland according to age(p<0.05). As the body mass index increased. the maximum cross-sectional area of parotid gland increased and CT number of both parotid and submandibular gland decreased(p<0.05). The maximum cross-sectional area of submandibular gland in male was larger than that in female(p<0.05). As the maximum cross-sectional area and CT number of left salivary gland increased. those of right gland increased(p<0.05). Conclusion : Intra-individual differences in salivary gland size and CT number is considered in the age and individual obesity.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

This study examined the dynamic change in the co-movement between the house price rates with the network methods of Mantegna (1999). First, Capital area and non-capital area form independent clusters which have the heterogeneous co-movement pattern. In other words, Capital and non-capital areas have low connectivity in the housing market. Also, if the co-movement between capital areas have been strengthened, the co-movement between non-capital areas have been weakened. The results of the dynamic analysis show that the degree of the co-movement in the housing market is continuously increased. The members of the co-movement group in the capital area are strongly steadied by all periods. However, the members in the non-capital area have been changed according to the period. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish policies based on various information for the housing market of the non-capital area rather than policies targeting the capital area. In addition, Apartments in Korea are more likely to be used as investment or speculative assets than other types of houses. It has been confirmed that this is Gangbuk, which is locatied in the northern part of Seoul, appears to be a region where the Spillover Effects of price fluctuation can be triggered in the housing and apartment market. However, the housing market in Gangnam, which is locatied in the southern part of Seoul, was divided into low systematic risk.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.403-411
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• 2016

This research has the purpose to develop a method to evaluate whether station’s area of influence has been formed, and verify formation of the area of influence through empirical analysis of all subway stations in Seoul. First, we created buffers of 100m intervals from 100m to 1000m, based on subway station exits, calculated the average land price of each buffer, and divided station areas of influence into 10 clusters using K-means clustering with the average land prices as values of observation. Subsequently, we have assumed a decreasing price curve from increasing distance from a nearby subway station, estimated a price curve and evaluated whether the area of influence actually exists using regression analysis of each cluster. The 10 area of influence clusters were largely divided into strong, weak, and no area of influence of subway station. The stations where the strong areas of influence are formed are mainly located in center, sub-centers, and local centers; stations where weak and no areas of influence are formed are mostly located in the adjacent areas of center or sub-centers or suburbs.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of floor area ratio incentive system for Long-life housing certification system by simulation of five recently built apartment complexes. Apartments that are certified as superior in Long-life housing can receive 10% of the floor are incentive in Seoul. However, the difference between base and permitted floor area ratio are in general residential area of class 2 and 3 is not more than 20%. limit of feasible allowance incentive is limited. Even if there is an unrealized permitted floor area ratio, there is no reason to apply the Long-life housing certification system preferentially. Because the items of the floor area ratio incentive provided by the District Unit Plan are various, it shows that the floor space ratio incentive for Long-life housing certification system has little effectiveness. To enhance the feasibility of incentives for the Long-life housing certification system, improvement in the urban planning level, including district unit planning, including the design criteria for apartments in Seoul, is needed.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.615-632
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• 2002

Purpose : this study was to project demand of home nursing care in Korea for contributing toward the distribution of home nursing care resource. Method : demand of home nursing care is projected according to income level and needed service level of each person. in addition, demand sufficiency of home nursing care is taken by estimating for supply level available. Result : home nursing care service is scarecely provided to people who belong to second area, that is, only $1.6{\sim}2.3%$ out of them are provided and also, supply system comes short of meeting demand of the other people(who belong to one, third area). Conclusion : therefore, for proper provision of home nursing care, different supply system and policy direction for establishment and expansion of home nursing care is to be developed.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2003년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.11-14
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• 2003

A silicon based OELD driving circuit that has a new type of column driving method is proposed to reduce the driving circuit area. In comparison with the conventional method, latches in each column are removed and one DAC (digital-to-analog converter) drives several column lines. To make the DAC operate during a specific period for the low power consumption, a simple DESG (DAC Enable Signal Generator) circuit was devised and confirmed by the simulation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2017

Average concentration of PM in Seoul metropolitan area satisfied the Korean air quality standard in 2010. Furthermore, concentration of PM in all boroughs across Seoul met the air environment standard in 2012. $PM_{10}$ concentration was relatively higher in center of Seoul in comparison to the rest, while $PM_{2.5}$ concentration showed exactly the contrary result. We analyzed the effect that PM emissions from vehicles would have on PM concentrations across Seoul. The results showed that average annual PM concentration recently decreased in Seoul although the number of vehicles registered annually continued its upward trend. By contrast, average fine dust concentrations in Seoul showed a decline which suggested that correlation between annual average PM concentrations and number of registered vehicles remained low. However, year-on-year vehicle registration rate recently showed a declining tendency in the same way as the trend of changes in average PM concentrations. Particularly, the upward trend in annual average PM concentrations in 2002 and 2007 was consistent with the increase in vehicle registration rate, suggesting that vehicle registration rate was closely associated with changes in PM concentrations.