Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2011.27.5.558

Characteristics of Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds (HVOCs) at Roadside, Tunnel and Residential Area in Seoul, Korea  

Lee, Je-Seung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment)
Choi, Yu-Ri (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment)
Kim, Hyun-Soo (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment)
Eo, Soo-Mi (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment)
Kim, Min-Young (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment / v.27, no.5, 2011 , pp. 558-568 More about this Journal
Abstract
Hazardous volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) have been increasingly getting concern in urban air chemistry due to photochemical smog as well as its toxicity or potential hazards. In this study, we investigated their concentrations and the properties in tunnel, urban roadside and residential area. As a result, among 36HVOCs measured in this study, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) and dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, trichlorofluoromethane were detected above the concentration of $1{\mu}g/m^3$ in every sampling site and the most abundant compound was toluene. The other compounds were detected at trace level or below the detection limit. In addition, we found that three CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), such as CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, were persistently detected because of the emission in the past. Toluene to benzene ratio (T/B) at tunnel and roadside were calculated to be 4.3~5.3 and at residential area 15.4, suggesting that the residential area had several emission sources other than car exhaust. The ratio of X/E (m,p-xylene to ethylbenzene) ratio was calculated to be 1.8~2.1 at tunnel, 1.7 at roadside and 1.2 at residential area, which means this ratio reflected well the relative photochemical reactivity between these compounds. Good correlation between m,p-xylene and ethylbenzene ($r^2$ > 0.85) were shown in every study sites. This indicated that correlation between $C_2$-alkylbenzenes were not severely affected by 3-way catalytic converter. In this study, it was demonstrated that the concentration of benzene was very low, compared with national air quality standard (annual average of $5{\mu}g/m^3$). Its concentration were $2.52{\mu}g/m^3$ in roadside and $1.34{\mu}g/m^3$ in residential area. We thought this was the result of persistent policy implementation including the reduction of benzene content in gasoline enforced on January 1, 2009.
Keywords
Hazardous volatile organic compounds (HVOCs); Toluene to Benzene ratio (T/B); X/E ratio; CFCs; Benzene;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 U.S. EPA (1994) Chemical summary for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, EPA 749-F-94-022a.
2 U.S. EPA (1999) Compendium methods TO-17, determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using active sampling onto sorbent tubes.
3 Vega, E., V. Mugica, R. Carmona, and E. Valencia (2000) Hydrocarbon source apportionment in Mexico City using the chemical mass balance receptor model, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 4121-4129.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Vo Thi, Q.T. and K.O. Nguyen Thi (2007) Roadside BTEX and other gaseous air pollutants in relation to emission sources, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7685-7697.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Simon, V., M. Baer, L. Torres, S. Olivier, M. Meybeck, and J.P. Della Massa (2004) The impact of reduction in the benzene limit value in gasoline on airborne benzene, toluene and xylenes levels, Science of the Total Environment, 334-335, 177-183.
6 Sweet, C.W. and S.J. Vertmette (1992) Toxic volatile organic compounds in urban air in Illinois, Environmental Science and Technology, 26(1), 165-173.   DOI
7 Scheff, P.A. and R.A. Wadden (1993) Receptor modelling of volatile organic compounds. 1. Emission inventory and validation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(4), 617-625.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Tanaka, M., M. Warashina, Y. Itano, Y. Tsujimoyo, and S. Wakamatsu (2001) Effect of super-light-duty gasoline and LPG-fueled cars on 16 ambient hydrocarbons at roadsides in Japan, Chemosphere-Global Change Science, 3, 199-207.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Rappengluck, B., R. Schmitz, M. Bauerfeind, F. Cereda-Balic, D. von Baer, H.Y.S. Jorquera, and P. Oyola (2005) An urban photochemistry study in Santiago de Chile, Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2913-2931.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Reis, S., D. Simpson, R. Friedrich, J.E. Jonson, S. Unger, and A. Obrmeier (2000) Road traffic emission-predictions of future contributions to regional ozone levels in Europe, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 4701-4710.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Semadeni, M., D.W. Stocker, and J.A. Kerr (1995) The temperature dependence of the OH radical reactions with some aromatic compounds under simulated tropospheric conditions, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 27, 287-304.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Na, K., Y.P. Kim, and K.C. Moon (2002) Seasonal variation of the $C_2-C_9$ hydrocarbons concentrations and compositions emitted from motor vehicles in a Seoul tunnel, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1969-1978.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Harley, R.A., M.P. Hannigan, and G.R. Cass (1992) Respeciation of organic gas emissions and the detection of excess unburned gasoline in the atmosphere, Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 2395-2408.   DOI
14 Nelson, P.F. and S.M. Quigley (1983) The m,p-xylenes: ethylbenzene ratio. A technique for estimating hydrocarbon age in ambient atmospheres, Atmospheric Environment, 17(3), 659-662.   DOI
15 Nguyen, H.T., K.H. Kim, and M.Y. Kim (2009) Volatile organic compounds at an urban monitoring station in Korea, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 163-174.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Pfeffer, H.U. (1994) Ambient air concentrations of pollutants at traffic-related sites in urban areas of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Science of the Total Environment, 146(147), 263-273.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Na, K. and Y.P. Kim (2001) Seasonal characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds in Seoul, Korea, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2603-2614.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Kelessis, A.G., M.J. Petrakakis, and N.M. Zoumakis (2006) Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in the urban air of Thessaloniki, Greece, Environmental Toxicology, 21(4), 440-443.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Mohamed, M.F., D. Kang, and V.P. Aneja (2002) Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States, Chemosphere, 47, 863-882.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Monod, A., B.C. Sive, P. Avino, T. Chen, D.R. Blake, and F.S. Rowland (2001) Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 135-149.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Heed, N.V., A.M. Forss, and C. Bach (1999) Fast and quantitative measurement of benzene, toluene and $C_2-benzene$ in automotive exhaust during transient engine operation with and without catalytic exhaust gas treatment, Atmospheric Environment, 33, 205-215.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Ho, K.F., S.C. Lee, H. Guo, and W.Y. Tsai (2004) Seasonal and diurnal variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere of Hong Kong, Science of the Total Environment, 322, 155-166.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Hoque, R.R., P.S. Khillare, T. Agarwal, V. Shridhar, and S. Balachandran (2008) Spatial and temporal variation of BTEX in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, India, Science of the Total Environment, 392, 30-40.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Gelencsr, A., K. Siszler, and J. Hlavay (1997) Toluene-benzene concentration ratio as a tool for characterizing the distance from vehicular emission sources, Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 2869-2872.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Colin Baird (1995) Environmental Chemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company, 156-165pp.
26 Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. and J.N. Pitts (2000) Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere, Academmic Press, U.S.A., 969pp.
27 Gee, I.L. and C.J. Sollars (1998) Ambient air levels of volatile organic compounds in Latin American and Asia Cities, Chemosphere, 36(11), 2497-2506.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Chan, C.Y., L.Y. Chan, X.M. Wang, Y.M. Liu, S.C. Lee, S.C. Lee, S.C. Zou, G.Y. Sheng, and J.M. Fu (2002) Volatile organic compounds in roadside microenvironments of metropolitan Hong Kong, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2039-2047.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Atkinson, R. (1994) Gas phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Monograph, 2, 1-216.
30 Brocco, D., R. Fratarcangeli, L. Lepore, M. Petricca, and I. Ventrone (1997) Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Rome, Chemosphere, 31, 557-566.
31 Aronian, P.F., P.A. Scheff, and R.A. Wadden (1989) Wintertime source-reconciliation of ambient organics, Atmospheric Environment, 23(5), 911-920.   DOI
32 서울특별시보건환경연구원(2009) 보건환경백서.
33 지식경제부(2009) 보도자료, http://www.mke.go.kr.
34 환경부(2009) 대기환경보전법.
35 Anthwal, A., C.G. Park, K. Jung, M.Y. Kim, and K.H. Kim (2010) The temporal and spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urban residential atmosphere of Seoul, Korea, Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 4(1), 42-54.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn