• 시큐리티연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.371-408
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• 1997

This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-97
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• 1989

There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 1976

서기(西紀) 2000년(年)까지의 비료(肥料) 소요량(所要量)을 농경학적(農耕學的) 측면(側面)에서 예측(豫測) 하기 위하여 작물(作物) 영양생리(營養生理) 면(面)에서의 예측치(豫測値), 토양비옥도(土壤肥沃度) 면(面)에서 본 예측치(豫測値), 그리고 경지(耕地)의 내외연적(內外延的) 확대(擴大)에 따르는 비료(肥料) 소요량(所要量)의 변동(變動) 예측치(豫測値)들을 종합(綜合) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)한다. 1. 농업경제연구소(農業經濟硏究所)의 식량경제(食糧經濟) 문제(問題)의 종합적(綜合的) 분석(分析)에서 제시(提示)한 2000년(年)까지의 식량(食糧) 생산량(生産量) 예측치(豫測値)에 준(準)한 작물(作物) 생산(生産)을 위(爲)해 필요(必要)한 작물(作物)의 질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸) 및 가리(加里) 흡수량(吸收量)을 근거(根據)로 예측(豫測)한 값은 1980년(年) 1.162천(千)톤(N ;554.1천(千)톤, $P_2O_5$; 360.1천(千)톤, $K_2O$;247.8천(千)톤) 1900년(年) 1,471.4천(千)톤 (N; 694.8천(千)톤, $P_2O_5$;465.4천(千)톤, $K_2O$;311.2천(千)톤), 2000년(年) 1,764천(千)톤(N;812.5천(千)톤 $P_2O_5$; 592.3천(千)톤, $K_2O$;359.2천(千)톤)이였다.${\cdots}{\cdots}$ (제(第) I 안(案)) 2) 최근(最近)의 단위면적당(單位面積當) 수량(收量) 변동(變動) 추세(趨勢)로부터 2000년(年)까지의 작물별(作物別) 단위면적당(單位面積當) 수량(收量)을 예측(豫測) 하고 이들 수량(收量)을 올리는데 필요(必要)한 비료(肥料)의 증가율(增加率)을 작물(作物) 수량(收量) 증가율(增加率)과 같게 취하면서 경지(耕地) 면적(面積)의 내외연적(內外延的) 확대(擴大)를 고려(考慮)한 2000년(年)까지의 비료(肥料) 소요량(所要量) 예측치(豫測値)는 1980년(年) 1,149.3천(千)톤(N; 603.7천(千)톤, $P_2O_5$; 305.5천(千)톤, $K_2O$; 240.1천(千)톤) 1990년(年) 1,551.1천(千)톤(N; 814.7천(千)톤 $P_2O_5$; 412.3천(千)톤, $K_2O$; 324.0천(千)톤), 2000년(年) 2,253.8천(千)톤 (N;1,183.8천(千)톤, $P_2O_5$; 586.4천(千)톤, $K_2O$;470.9천(千)톤)이였다(II안(案)) 3) 최근(最近)의 작물별(作物別) 단위(單位) 면적당(面的當) 수량(收量)과 단위(單位) 면적당(面的當) 시비량(施肥量)의 변동(變動) 추세(趨勢)를 동시(同時)에 고려(考慮)한 2000년까지의 비료(肥料) 소요량(所要量) 예측치(豫測値)는 1980년(年), 1,287.6천(千)톤 (N; 677.1천(千)톤, $P_2O_5$: 342.0천(千)톤 $K_2O$; 268.5천(千)톤) 1990년(年) 2,085.6천(千)톤(N; 1,096.7천(千)톤 $P_2O_5$; 553.9천(千)톤, $K_2O$;435.0천(千)톤), 2000년(年) 3,380.6천(千)톤(N; 1,777.8천(千)톤) $P_2O_5$;897.8천(千)톤 $K_2O$; 705.0천(千)톤) 이었다. (III 안(案)) 4) 제(第)I안(案)은 장차(將次) 쌀에 대(對)해서만 자급율(自給率) 100%를 도모(圖謀)하고, 여타(餘他) 작물(作物)에 대(對)하여는 대략(大略) 50%의 자급율(自給率)을 기대(期待) 할 때 실제(實際)와 가까운 가능성(可能性)이 있으나 이 같은 상황(狀況)은 바람직한 것은 아닌 것 같다. 5) 식량(食糧)의 자급율(自給率)을 최대한(最大限) 높이기 위(爲)하여 경지(耕地)의 내외연적(內外延的) 확대(擴大), 다수성(多收性) 품종(品種)의 광범(廣範)한 보급(普及)이 따를 경우, 비료(肥料) 효율 증대(增大)를 위한 여러가지 기술(技術)들이 개발보급(開發普及)되면 제(第)II안(案)이 실현성(實現性)이 높고, 그 같은 기술(技術)의 보급(普及)이 미진(未盡)할 때는 제(第)III안(案)이 현실(現實)에 가까울 가능성(可能性)이 높다.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.34-54
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• 2003

Every one experiences death one day, however no one can knows exactly what it is because people can not experience death until it comes, it is therefore impossible to judge correctly on the phenomenon of the death. On the whole, man experiences indirect death through the mass communications such as TV drama, fiction, magazine etc because those methods can easily access by every one. In addition to this, people usually acquire the negative awareness of death through the dramatic change of story like dying of cancer for dramatic effect by giving scare and fear to the cancers. The purpose of this study is to provide basic information on the spiritual care that enables the facing death patients to accept death as a part of life and divert hope from scare about after death by comparing and analyzing of two aspects of death meaning I.e, Korean fiction and the end stage cancer patients. Additionally, for medical staff to understand the facing death cancer patients by making to aware patients correctly and provide the better quality of care. The study was performed from September 28, 2002 to February, 28 2003. The materials of this study were collected by direct data obtained from observation, interviews, note and diary of end stage of cancer patients and written materials acquired from Korean contemporary fiction. Participants of this study were 4 end stage cancer patients including 2 lung cancer patients, 1 liver cancer patient and 1 esophagus cancer patient. The methodology used in this study was divided into two types; Huberman & Miles methodology was used for fiction to find and categorize subject, and Colaizzi, one of phenomenological methodology was used for end stage cancer patients to find the major meaning, subject and categorization. 1.The death investigated in the fiction, was found as a progress of negative emotion, acceptance and sublimation, life related subjects in the negative emotion were tenacity for life, anxiety, lingering attachment, responsibility, abandonment and death related subjects were shock, isolation, fear, scare and rejection. Acceptance related subjects were acceptance, destiny, secularism, preparation and arrangement, and sublimation related subjects were sublimation through Christian and Buddhism. 2.The death showed in the participants was negative emotion, acceptance and sublimation, life related subjects were repentance, anxiety, responsibility and hopelessness, and death related subjects were dejection, solitude, anger, fear and scare. The acceptance was a type of religious acceptance that admitted instantly by reaching an understanding with the God, and death was accepted as a progress of preparation, arrangement, acceptance and hope. Sublimation related subjects were Christian sublimation and relief or destiny incurred from self-reflective sublimation through communications and thoughts. 3.The death in view of fiction and participants were positively accepted both death and negative emotion, and the study disclosed the fact that death was sublimated dependent on religion. 4.The progress of negative emotion, acceptance and sublimation was disclosed more complicated and various in the real end stage cancer patients and acceptance only found in the patients on the form of religious acceptance, according to the results compared with fiction and real end stage cancer patients. The death showed in the fiction was standardized, gradated and similar progress with psychological status of Kubler-Ross. However, death in the participants was showed complex and various feelings simultaneously, and sometimes they accepted death positively. The sublimation through religion was found in Buddhism and Christian in the fiction and mostly Christian in the participants due to a number of Hospice patients. It was found that negative emotion various types of death was more found in the participants than fiction. It is therefore necessary to study on the response of death in various types. In the participants death was incurred more systematic and variously, we knew that nursing practice focused on experience of participants is required and reality on death is much profound than we analyzed and presented, lots of situations and reactions should be premised because we can not completely rule out the negligence possibility of care mediation of participants. In caring for the facing death patients, we discovered and confirmed again through this study that the spiritual care should be needed as a mediation method.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2015

최근의 조사에 의하면 명품을 구매하는 소비자가 늘고 있다. 특히 2,30대의 젊은 소비자들은 강한 명품소유 욕구를 가지고 있어 본 연구는 20대의 소비성향에 대하여 이론적 토대를 마련하고자 하였으며, 이들 소비자를 대표하는 대학생들을 대상으로 명품에 대한 인식과 구매경험, 주로 구매하는 품목, 월 용돈수준 등을 조사하였다. 아울러 명품모방품에 대해서도 구매경험과 주 구매품목, 구매이유를 살펴봄으로써 명품 브랜드의 마케팅 전략 수립에 있어서 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 사회심리학적 관점에서 볼 때, 소비자들은 사회비교추구성향을 보이는데, 특히 젊은 세대는 상대적으로 통제감이나 자기효능감이 강하지 못하므로 주변의 분위기에 휩쓸린 과시소비에 쉽게 빠져들 가능성이 높아 명품에 대한 관심이 높을 수 있다. 또한 실증 조사 결과, 우리나라 대학생은 명품을 품질이 우수하거나 세계적으로 유명한 브랜드로 인식하고 있었다. 특히 남학생은 품질이 우수한 브랜드를, 여학생은 세계적으로 유명한 브랜드를 명품브랜드의 특성으로 꼽아 통계적으로 유의한 성별 차이를 보이고 있었다. 아울러 대부분의 응답자들은 명품브랜드를 구입한 경험이 있는데, 월 용돈이 많을수록 구입경험도 많았다. 응답자들이 구입한 품목은 패션용품, 의류, 시계/보석, 화장품/향수 등의 순이었고, 성별 및 용돈수준별로도 주요 구입품목이 차이를 보이고 있었다. 명품모방품의 구입경험자는 많지 않았으며, 주로 구입한 품목은 패션용품이었고 구입이유로는 가격대비 품질 및 경제적인 이유를 가장 많이 들고 있었다. 비교적 높은 용돈수준의 응답자들이 명품모방품 구입경험이 높은 점은 흥미롭다. 여학생은 남학생에 비해서 명품 및 모방품의 구매의도가 높았다. 학년별 명품 및 명품모방품의 구매의도는 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 용돈에서는 흥미로운 점이 발견되었다. 즉, 명품의 구매의도는 용돈이 높을수록 증가하고 명품모방품의 경우는 그 반대였지만 특정 용돈수준에서는 높아서 비선형적(non-linear)인 트랜드를 보였다. 이는 명품모방품 구입경험 조사결과와도 맥락을 같이 한다. 하지만 이에 대한 정확한 해석을 위해서는 심층적인 후속 연구가 필요할 것이다. 본 연구는 명품의 마케팅전략 수립에 있어서 여러 가지 학문적, 실무적 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권37호
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• pp.45-82
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• 2014

서구의 슈퍼히어로 장르는 캐릭터들의 탄생과 성장을 다루는 과정에서 정치, 경제, 사회 환경과 함께 각종 기호체계와 타 예술 장르들을 외적으로 흡수하고, 기존의 작품들을 패러디(parody) 등의 여러 형식으로 받아들였다. 본 논문에서는 슈퍼히어로 장르의 이와 같은 발전과정을 인식의 토대로 하여, 미국적 정신의 구현으로 여겨지던 이 장르가 어떻게 동아시아에서 입체적으로 활용되고 다양하게 재구성되었는지, 일본 선라이즈(Sunrise)사의 TV 애니메이션 시리즈 <타이거 앤 버니>(Tiger & Bunny,2011)를 통해 사례 분석하였다. <타이거 앤 버니>는 상호텍스트성에 기반을 둔 패러디적 유형과 특징들을 보이고 있으며, 내면 정서와 가치관의 동양적 재현에 더해, 자본주의 사회의 회사 중심적인 현대인들의 특징을 차용하여 적극적으로 사회의 외적인 부분을 반영하였다. 서구 히어로물과의 유사성과 차이점 비교를 통해 제시되는 부분은 크게 두 가지로 정리된다. 하나는 서구적 자본주의 사회에 대한 부정적 풍자이고, 다른 하나는 동양적 가족주의 가치관에 대한 긍정적 강조이다. 개인주의와 성과 위주의 평가가 만연한 서구 자본주의 사회에 대한 풍자는 히어로들의 TV 활동 과정에서 이루어진다. 이는 자본과 미디어에 수동적으로 종속된 현대 인간과 공공적 목표조차도 이윤의 도구로 이용하는 자본주의 시스템에 대한 은유적 비판이다. <타이거 앤 버니>의 설정과 내러티브에서 강조되는 덕목은 개인과 사회에 대한 동아시아적 가치관인데, 이는 국가와 사회의 구성원들을 가족적 정서로 연결시켜 공동체의 성공을 위해 노력하는 협조적 관계를 말한다. 타이거는 각자 사적인 목적에 충실하여 대의명분 없이 경쟁만 하던 히어로 집단에 정신적 지주 역할을 수행하고, 버니와 동료들은 타이거의 인간적인 가족주의적 커뮤니케이션 방식에 점차 감화된다. <타이거 앤 버니>는 이 과정을 통해서 현대사회의 사회병리를 해결할 수 있는 방안은 세계시민으로서 이러한 공동체 중심적, 자기희생적 정서를 갖추는 것임을 강조한다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-56
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• 1996

Nowerdays, the increase of traffic accidents and old age population make the Femoral Neck Fracture(FNF) patients increase. By the improvement of education and standard of living the patients demand better medical service than before. This study is designed to give practical help for the FNF patients by observing their hospital life and establish practical nursing strategies for the FNF patients. For these purposes the Ethnographic Participant Observation was adopted. By this study is focused on the hospital life patient's view. For this end, the field study adopted orthopedic ward in the C University Hospital with 400 beds in Seoul. The object patients of the study were twelve patients. The patients experienced five stages : Embarrassment, Conflict, Stability, Independent, and Extension Stage. The findings and prepared nursing strategies are stated as follows. First, in the Embarrassment Stage they suffered embarrassment, anxiety, pain, they could not do ordinary things. The patients who accidental fractures had anxiety from unfamiliar tests and from hospitalization itself. They lamented that they could not ordinary things, and do nothing but obeying the hospital, and endure the pain. They recognized the changed environment and resigned themselves to life in the ward. In this stage, full openness by the nurses is needed. Second, the attribute of the Conflict Stage were conflict, fear, curiosity, belief, reflection. When they sign the consentment form, they experience conflicts about the possibility of complication, fear of recovery from anesthesia, curiosity about the operation procedure, post - operation state, reflection on their past life, and promise to care for their family members after discharge and keep their religious life faithfully. And they accepted the operation depending on God, believing in modern medicine, and the surgeon. Asking for their changed informations, they expected positive results from the operation. In this stage, an empathic attitude by the nurses is needed. Third, the attribute of the Stability Stage were relief, gratitude, difficulty with excretion, and pain. When they awoke from anesthesia, they felt relief because of a the end of the operation, but they experienced extreme pain, difficulty of excretion in bed. They accepted the changed environment and expected recovery. In this stage, support by the nurses is needed. Fourth, the attributes of the Independence Stage were freedom, exercise, nurturing, anxiety, and discomfort. When they ambulated and exercised, they experienced freedom. They showed exhibited weakness of the digestive organs and discomfort hospital's space, structure, and facilities, the delay of medical certificate issue the lack of prompt response by the medical agents. They ate nurturious food and felt anxiety on the end of hospital life and returning to their ordinary life. They showed the independence of overcoming their environment by increasing exercise and expected their discharges. In this stage, respect by the nurses is needed for the patients to, overcome their environment and prepare for their independence. Fifth, the attributes of the Extension Stage were pessimism, isolation, dissatisfaction, and pain. Accompanied injury and old age made their ward life extend to over seven weeks. They exhibited weariness, melancholy, skeptisis, general pessimistic feeling, and desperation caused by their isolated life. They experienced the digestive discomfort caused by the prolonged medication and psycological pain caused by long-time hospitalization. As a, result, their dissatisfaction on the human, physical, and systematic environments had been increased. They acquired critical power and sought for something to do spending their time. They expected vaguely about the returning of their ordinary life. In this stage, counseling is needed by the nurse to overcome positively their psychological, social, and physical problems. The process of the FNF patient's ward life starts from the dependent state, when they are hospitalized, and gradually progresses to self-fulfillment in order to keep independent life. As a result, the FNF patients showed "Response in Challenge" or "Adaptation in Conflict" through their experiences of social, physical, and psychological difficulties.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2015

선진국들은 종자산업을 국가 신성장 동력산업으로 설정하여 정부차원의 지원을 강화하고 있으며, 글로벌 종자기업은 세계의 종자시장을 선점하기 위하여 종자개발분야에 막대한 예산을 투자하고 있으며, 우리나라도 2000년대 후반 들어 국내종자산업 발전을 위한 정책 추진을 통해 종자산업 육성을 위한 토대를 형성하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내외 종자시장 현황을 살펴보고 이에 따른 GSP사업의 역할에 대한 전망을 통해 GSP 사업 추진의 효율성을 제고해 보고자 한다. 세계 종자산업은 글로벌 거대 기업의 대형화로 인하여 독점체제를 형성하고 있어 상위 10개 종자기업이 전체 시장의 73%를 점유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 종자업체의 대형화는 종자선택에 대한 제약으로 인하여 가격상승을 불러일으키는 부작용을 초래할 것으로 보여진다. 국내 종자시장은 농업생산량 감소로 인하여 정체상태가 유지되고 있으며, 전반적인 국내 농업생산량의 축소에 따른 종자수요 감소로 인하여 국내 종자시장 규모의 정체와 업체의 영세성과 채소, 벼등 일부 특정품목에 대한 육종기술은 세계적인 수준이나 양배추, 파프리카 및 사료작물 등 글로벌 품종의 육종기술이 상대적으로 취약하고 국내 종자기업들의 신규 전문인력 채용은 거의 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 대학 등의 종자관련 전문인력 양성에 대한 인프라가 부족하여 우수한 육종 전문가 양성이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 종자산업은 농산업의 핵심으로 국가의 기간산업을 지탱하는 원천 산업으로서 국가정책적으로 우선순위가 매우 높은 만큼 미래성장 산업으로 정부의 지속적인 투자가 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다. 이에 대한 일환으로 GSP 사업을 추진을 2012년부터 야심차게 추진하고 있으며, 수출전략형 종자개발(10개 품목)과 수입대체 종자개발(10품목)을 통해 수출과 국내 종자자급율 확보를 목표로 종자관련 기업체와 대학 및 연구소의 우수한 전문인력이 투입되어 종자개발연구에 매진하고 있다. 우리나라 종자산업의 발전을 위해서는 GSP 사업의 우수한 성과가 반드시 도출되어야 할 것이며, 이를 위해서는 품종개발 단계외에 종자 수출에 대한 별도의 지원 프로그램 추진이 필요하다.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.145-177
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• 2001

The artist's interest has been captivated by ecological phenomena in Nature. Her keen captivation has then been focused into plastic art depicting the image of primitive life. The wide sweep of her work encompasses the totality of nature which consists of the human's subconscious power and imagination which she then portrays by organic images. These organic images are in contrast to scientific, mathematical and logical inference and consciousness. This research examines the character of the organic images in modern art by her analysis of some representative works by others. The image is an essential concept in the art which appeared in very different ways and in different perspectives. The image in the artwork appears to be the realistic expression until the early part of the 20th Century. Well into the 20th Century, it began being expressed in various ways such as combined images by imagination which is combined or rejected in the story of artwork. It also began being expressed by transferred images by changed original conditions. It is the main purpose of this research is to study of various expressions of organic images in the artwork of the Post-Modernism era. The character and meaning of organic image painting helps people to approach the human instinct more easily to find out the natural essence. It is also an objective of the organic image to tenderise our human sensibilities, thus helping us to regain vitality and recover our poor humanity in the barren wilderness of modern society. 'Life communion with nature' is a meeting point and common ground for Oriental Philosophy and organic image painting. Through this research, organic image painting is characterised in the four following ways : 1st) Organic image painting seeks regularity and perfection of outer shapes, in contrast to disordered and deformed nature, resulting in organic and biotic formalistic mode of plastic art. 2nd) Organic image painting seeks the formative. 3rd) Organic image painting pursues the priceless dignity of life by researching the formatted arrangement and figure, which contains primitive power of life. 4th) Organic image painting makes crystal clear the power of human and nature, which is a historic and biological phenomenon. This, in turn, exposes the humanistic view of the world from modern society best characterised in lost self-understanding, isolation and materialism. The representative organic image painting artists are Elizabeth Murray, Kusama Yayoi, and Niki do Saint Phalle. Elizabeth Murray used shaped canvas and a round construction of relief works. Kusama Yayoi used Automatistic expressionism originating from the realms of unconsciousness and which is represented by the mass and shape of a water drop. Niki do Saint Phalle shows the transcendence of universal life and anti-life to respect the dignity of life and the eco-friendliness relationship of human and nature in the post-modernism in art history. This is accomplished by surrealistic, symbolic, fantastic and humoristic expression. These three artists' works express the spirit of the organic image in contemporary art. It contains the stream of nature and life to seek not only the state of materialism in the reality, but also the harmonized world of nature and human which has almost lost the important meaning in modern times. Finally, this organic image is the plastic language of the majestic life. It is the romantic idea that the intimacy of nature and the universe and Surrealism, which emphasizes the unconsciousness , is the source of truth and spirit. Also it is influenced by primitive art and abstract art. According to this research, the subject 'Research About Organic Images' is not only an important element in the plastic arts from primitive society to the present, but is also fundamental to an true understanding of Post-Modernism.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.159-177
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• 2002

본 연구는 철봉운동에서 기본이 되는 동작인 몸펴 한번 뒤돌아 내리기 동작을 단계적으로 분석한 후, 이를 토대로 하여 현재 시합상황 중 가장 널리 사용되는 응용동작인 몸펴 두 번 뒤돌아 내리기 동작과 몸펴 두 번 뒤돌며 한번 비틀어 내리기 동작의 운동학적 분석을 수행하여 개개분절 간의 상호작용을 해부학적 3차원 각운동과 각속도로 설명하고 이해할 수 있는 운동학적 자료를 제시하는데 있다. 피험자들은 현재 K대학교에 재학중이며 대학 대표선수인 남자 기계체조 선수 7명을 선정하였으며, 연구에 사용된 인체의 모델은 Zatsiorsky와 Seluyanov(1983, 1985)이 사용한 16개의 분절로 이루어진 인체의 모델을 사용하였다. 신체무게중심이 이동방향을 설명할 수 있는 투사각도 및 투사속도는 공중동작의 회전수가 증가할수록 신체무게중심이 투사되는 각도가 증가되며, 이렇게 증가된 신체무게중심의 투사각도는 신체무게중심의 최고점을 증가시키는 경향을 보였다. 3차원 투사속도를 살펴본 결과 Z방향(수직방향)은 공중돌기 회전수가 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이 나타났으나, 운동진행 방향인 Y방향 속도와 좌우측 기울기를 설명할 수 있는 X방향 속도에서는 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 철봉 내리기 공중동작에서의 신체분절 및 각도 변화도 중요하지만 각운동량을 만들어내기 위한 동작준비구간의 각도 변화가 더욱더 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 즉, 상체가 철봉 아래 봉과 수직될 때부터 릴리즈 순간까지의 각도 변화에 주목해야 하는 데, 회전수가 증가할수록, 어깨관절 각도와 엉덩관절 각도 변화가 두드러지게 나타나 준비구간의 추기기 동작(Whip swing)의 주된 관절로 작용을 한다. 관성좌표계에 대한 상체의 움직임을 나타내는 3차원 방향의 각도 즉, 뒤돌기(somersault)각도, 틀기(twist)각도 그리고 기울기(tilt)각도로 설명이 되는데, 본 연구의 결과 릴리즈시 뒤돌기 각은 세가지 내리기 동작 유형에 따라 평균 57,7도, 38.8도 그리고 39.7도로 나타났으며, 기울기 각은 평균 -1.5도, -5.4도 그리고 -8.4도로 유의한 차이를 보이고 있으며, 틀기각도는 평균 13.4도, 10.6도 그리고 23.3도로 몸펴 두번 뒤돌며 한번 비틀어 내리기 경우 가장 큰 수치를 나타냈다.