• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1997

Most lipids in milk are dispetsed as the form of fat globules. Apical portion of plasma membrane is coated with fat globules, which are synthesized from mammary epithelial cells and then secreted into the lumen. The unique phenomenon in separation of the plasma membrane from the cell is observed only in mammary system. It has been suggested that milk fat globule membrane(MFGM) is formed from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory granule to plasma membrane. For this reason MFGM is important for nuderstanding the structure and function of biological membrane. Because MFGM also plays an important role in inhibition of lipase action, stimulation of nutrient digestion and absorption, emulsion or function as natural liposome, study of the major components in MFGM will provide the opportunity for more broad industrial uses of MFGM in the future.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2009

Heterologous secretory expression of endoglucanase E (Clostridium thermocellum) and ${\beta}$-glucosidase 1 (Saccharomycopsis fibuligera) was achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation cultures as an ${\alpha}$-mating factor signal peptide fusion, based on the native enzyme coding sequence. Ethanol production depends on simultaneous saccharification of cellulose to glucose and fermentation of glucose to ethanol by a recombinant yeast strain as a microbial biocatalyst. Recombinant yeast strain expressing endoglucanase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase was able to produce ethanol from ${\beta}$-glucan, CMC and acid swollen cellulose. This indicates that the resultant yeast strain of this study acts efficiently as a whole cell biocatalyst.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Innate immune cells survey antigenic materials beneath our body surfaces and provide a front-line response to internal and external danger signals. Dendritic cells (DCs), a subset of innate immune cells, are critical sentinels that perform multiple roles in immune responses, from acting as principal modulators to priming an adaptive immune response through antigen-specific signaling. In the gut, DCs meet exogenous, non-harmful food antigens as well as vast commensal microbes under steady-state conditions. In other instances, they must combat pathogenic microbes to prevent infections. In this review, we focus on the function of intestinal DCs in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Specifically, we describe how intestinal DCs affect IgA production from B cells and influence the generation of unique subsets of T cell.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2019

Cellular senescence, a process of cell proliferation arrest in response to various stressors, has been considered to be important factor in age-related disease. Identification of senescent cells in tissues is limited and the role of senescent cells is poorly understood. Recently however, several studies showed the characterization of senescent cells in various pathologic conditions and the role of senescent cells in disease progression is becoming important. Senescent cells are growth-arrested cells, however, the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of senescent cells could modify the tissues' microenvironment. Here, we discuss the progress and understanding of the role of senescent cells in tissues of pathologic conditions and discuss the development of new therapeutic paradigms, such as senescent cells-targeted therapy.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2021

The Golgi complex plays a central role in protein secretion by regulating cargo sorting and trafficking. As these processes are of functional importance to cell polarity, motility, growth, and division, there is considerable interest in achieving a comprehensive understanding of Golgi complex biology. However, the unique stack structure of this organelle has been a major hurdle to our understanding of how proteins are secreted through the Golgi apparatus. Herein, we summarize available relevant research to gain an understanding of protein secretion via the Golgi complex. This includes the molecular mechanisms of intra-Golgi trafficking and cargo export in the trans-Golgi network. Moreover, we review recent insights on signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi complex and their physiological significance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2001

In estrogen-dependent MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, $E_2$ at 10 nM stimulated cell proliferation to over 200% compared to the untreated control. EGF and TGF${\alpha}$, which are known as the autocrine/paracrine growth factors induced by $E_2$, also directly stimulated the cell growth in almost as the same extent as $E_2$. DFMO which is the specific inhibitor of ODC could inhibit cell growth even at as low as 0.5 mM. In the treatment with 1 mM DFMO for 4 days, the cell growth was inhibited to 38% of the control. HO-TAM at 1 ${\mu}$M could inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells to 19% of the control. Those inhibitory effects were also found in the cells stimulated with $E_2$, EGF, and TGF${\alpha}$. The inhibitory effects were found even in 2 days of treatment. However, $E_2$, EGF, and TGF${\alpha}$ did not give any effect in the protein synthesis. Neither DFMO or HO-TAM gave any effect on the total protein synthesis. But the pattern of protein secretion was noticeably influenced by the growth stimulants or inhibitors. Proteins of 160, 52, 42, 36, and 32 kDa belonged to the major secretory proteins. Especially, 42 and 36 kDa proteins were most significantly influenced by the treatment of $E_2$, EGF, or TGF$\alpha$. DFMO and HO-TAM inhibited the secretion of these major proteins.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.555-566
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• 2018

Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) are used in tissue repair and regeneration; however, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. We investigated the hair growth-promoting effects of hUCB-MSCs treatment to determine whether hUCB-MSCs enhance the promotion of hair growth. Furthermore, we attempted to identify the factors responsible for hair growth. The effects of hUCB-MSCs on hair growth were investigated in vivo, and hUCB-MSCs advanced anagen onset and hair follicle neogeneration. We found that hUCB-MSCs co-culture increased the viability and up-regulated hair induction-related proteins of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) in vitro. A growth factor antibody array revealed that secretory factors from hUCB-MSCs are related to hair growth. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased in co-culture medium. Finally, we found that IGFBP-1, through the co-localization of an IGF-1 and IGFBP-1, had positive effects on cell viability; VEGF secretion; expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CD133, and ${\beta}-catenin$; and formation of hDPCs 3D spheroids. Taken together, these data suggest that hUCB-MSCs promote hair growth via a paracrine mechanism.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2011

We have reported that a 24 kDa protein (22U homologous; As22U) of Anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several Th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that As22U may play a role as an allergen. In order to determine the contribution of As22U to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant As22U (rAs22U). In the group challenged with rAs22U and ovalbumin (OVA), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly increased, as compared to the group receiving only OVA. In addition, mice treated with rAs22U and OVA showed significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, severe inflammation around the airway and immune cell recruitment was observed in mice treated with rAs22U plus OVA. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in the BALF increased significantly after treatment with rAs22U and OVA. Similarly, the levels of anti-OVA specific lgE and lgG1 increased in mice treated with rAs22U and OVA, compared to those treated only with OVA. The Gro-${\alpha}$ (CXCL1) gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells increased instantly after treatment with rAs22U, and allergy-specific chemokines eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus-and-activation-regulated-chemokine (CCL17) gene expressions significantly increased at 6 hr after treatment. In conclusion, rAs22U may induce airway allergic inflammation, as the result of enhanced Th2 and Th17 responses.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2001

Streptozotocin(STZ)을 투여하여 고혈당을 유발시킨 생쥐의 이자섬에 생진양혈탕가미방이 미치는 영향을 규명하고자, 전방액 (0.4ml/day)을 21일간 투여하여 혈당 및 BUN의 변화와 인슐린 면역조직화학적 검색 및 전자 현미경을 이용한 $\beta$세포의 미세구조 변화를 관찰하였다. STZ을 투여한 대조군 이자섬의 면역조직화학적 검사 결과 insulin에 양성반응을 보이는 세포가 거의 관찰되지 않았으나, 생진양혈탕가미방을 투여한 실험군의 $\beta$세포들은 대조군에 비하여 강한 양성반응을 보였다. 전자현미경 관찰에서, 대조군 생쥐의 $\beta$세포는 핵의 핵막이 정상군에 비하여 뚜렷하지 않았으며 세포질소기관의 발달도 미약하였다. 세포질내에 함유되어 있는 분비과립의 수가 현저히 감소하였으며 전자밀도가 높은 중심부분의 크기도 정상군에 비하여 현저히 작았다. 실험군의 $\beta$세포에서는 insulin분비소포의 수는 정상군에 비하여 다소 적게 관찰되었으나 대조준에 비해서는 증가하였으며, 전자밀도가 높은 중심부분의 크기도 대조군에 비하여 다소 증가하였다. 혈당은 대조군($365.33{\pm}91.01$, mg/dl)에비하여 실험군($179.56{\pm}73.36$, mg/dl)에서 유의성있게 감소하였다. 위와 같은 결과로 보아 생진양혈탕가미방이 STZ로 유발된 당뇨 생쥐의 치료에 효능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2007

목 적: 본 연구에서는 생리혈에 존재하는 탈락된 자궁내막조직에서의 자궁내막증 관련 유전자들의 발현 양상과 자궁내막증 병태생리와의 관련성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 자궁내막증으로 확진된 환자 (n=16)와 정상 대조군 (n=26)에서 생리주기 2$\sim$3일째 Wallace catheter로 채취한 생리혈로부터 탈락된 자궁내막조직을 분리하였다. 기존의 연구들에서 보고된 12종류의 자궁내막증 관련 유전자들의 mRNA 발현 양상을 semi-quantitative RT-PCR 방법으로 비교, 분석하였다. 결 과: 생리혈에서 분리한 탈락된 자궁내막조직은 조직학적 관찰을 통해 자궁내막조직임을 확인하였다. 총 12가지 종류의 자궁내막증 관련 유전자에 대한 RT-PCR 분석에서 telomerase, c-kit, aromatase등의 mRNA 발현이 관찰되지 않았다. 세포사멸 (apoptosis)과 관련성이 있는 fas, fas ligand, bcl-2, bax 유전자와 stem cell factor, ER-$\alpha$/$\beta$, endometriosis protein-I, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor 등의 mRNA 발현 양상은 자궁내막증으로 확진된 환자군과 대조군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결 론: 결론적으로 자궁내막증과 관련된 다양한 유전자들의 발현 양상을 생리혈에 존재하는 탈락된 자궁내막조직에서 분석하였지만 의미성이 있는 유전자를 동정하지는 못하였다. 이는 자궁내막조직의 생리학적 특징인 생리주기에 따른 유전자 발현의 역동적인 변화와 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.