• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.532-545
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• 2019

The objective of this study is to find out the effect of the secondary traumatic stress prevention program for counselors at child protection agencies. The quasi-experiment design was used for pre-test, post-test, and for follow-up test, performed 3 months after the program. Experimental group consisted of 9 counselors, while the comparison group consisted of 10 counselors. As a result, it was revealed that secondary traumatic stress prevention program was effective in decreasing the secondary traumatic stress and depression of the counselors, and also effective in increasing stress coping even though it was not statistically significant. Follow-up test did not present statistically significant changes in secondary traumatic stress, depression, and stress coping. It was found that, to achieve continued effect of the program, much longer and sustained program is required. Based on these findings, the necessity and application of the secondary traumatic stress prevention program were suggested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was dont: to evaluate the factors that influence secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and physical symptoms experienced by firefighters. In addition, a hypothetical model was developed. Method: The data were collected using self-reported questionnaires from 410 field service firefighters. Data analysis was done with the SPSSWIN 10.0 program for descriptive statistics and Windows LISREL program to determine the causal relationship between the measurement variables. Results: The hypothetical model which was developed fits well with actual data(${\chi}^2$=3.16, p=0.99, GFI=1.00, AGFI=0.99, NFI=0.99, and NNFI=1.06). The variable, personality type, social support, and impact mobilization frequency had a significant effect and accounted for 7% of the secondary traumatic stress in firefighters. The variables, career, social support, and secondary traumatic stress had a significant effect and accounted for 24% of the burnout in firefighters. Social support, impact mobilization frequency, and secondary traumatic stress were important variables and accounted for 31% of the physical symptoms in firefighters. Conclusion: It is necessary for firefighters to manage themselves according to their personality types. Strategies that can increase the firefighters' social support and decrease their perceived secondary traumatic stress also need to be developed to minimize or prevent a negative effect on their health.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.387-407
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine whether secondary traumatic stress and burnout of CPS workers in Korea differ, being significantly affected by different variables of each own. A two-way MANCOVA was conducted to determine the effect of trauma exposure and work-condition satisfaction on secondary traumatic stress(intrusion and avoidance) and burnout(emotional deprivation, depersonalization, personal achievement) while controlling for gender, age, and personal trauma history. Exposure to clients' traumatic material did not affect secondary traumatic stress and burnout either. Rather, it was found that both of secondary traumatic stress and burnout was significantly affected by the same independent variables(level of exposure to being threatened by violent abusers of victims and the level of workers' satisfaction of work conditions in workplace). Therefore, it was difficult to address that secondary traumatic stress and burnout have a completely different construct.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.217-227
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify individual and occupational factors influencing burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction in military officers who experienced supporting civilians in responding to COVID-19. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 140 special forces' military officers who experienced responding to disasters within 3 months. Data were collected through an online survey from September to November 2021. Results: The mean scores for burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction were 21.67±6.03, 20.54±8.21, and 39.72±8.12 out of 50, respectively. The significant factors that influenced burnout and secondary traumatic stress were 'higher passive stress copying styles' (B=0.17, p<.001; B=0.31, p=<.001, respectively) and 'lower social support (B=-0.11, p=.031; B=-0.10, p=.001, respectively). The compassion satisfaction was more significantly associated with 'higher self-efficacy' (B=0.37, p=<.001), 'higher active stress copying styles' (B=0.19, p=.006), and 'education responding to disasters' (B=2.04, p=.029). Conclusion: The results suggest that the strategies to increase social support, self-efficacy, and active stress coping styles should be considered in developing educational programs for military officers responding to disasters to minimize burnout, secondary traumatic stress and to improve compassion satisfaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.115-125
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• 2015

This study was to identify major risk factors associated with secondary traumatic stress in a sample of 654 public social welfare specialists. Findings indicated that 69.0% of the subjects experienced secondary traumatic stress, and 36.9% of them were in a high-risk group. Multiple regression analysis showed that the risk of the secondary traumatic stress was associated with gender, work hours, physical violence and threats from clients, coping strategies, and vocational self-efficacy. Based on these results, several interventions for preventing the incidence of secondary traumatic stress among public social welfare specialists are suggested as the follows: construction of secure job environment, development of educational programs for improving vocational self-efficacy and coping skills, and implementation of mental health screening system on a regular basis to prevent the outbreak of mental disease among the workers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.320-328
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• 2012

Purpose: Professional quality of life is the quality one feels in relation to their work as a helper. The purpose of this study was to describe professional quality of life among emergency nurses. Methods: A total of 15 emergency rooms were selected in three cities. Among 263 nurses working at these emergency rooms, 178 nurses consented to participate in this cross-sectional survey. Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) Scale version 5 was used to measure compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Cluster analysis was used to classify nurses according to professional quality of life. Results: The mean scores (SD) for compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress were 32.12 (5.45), 28.27 (4.28), and 28.20 (5.07), respectively. The result of cluster analysis according to standardized score of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress yielded three clusters. Over 50% of participants showed low professional quality of life. Nurses who were included in a cluster representing low professional quality of life were younger, had shorter periods of nursing experience, and perceivedlower social support than other cluster. Conclusion: Education or support programs for emergency nurses are needed to enhance their professional quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2018

Purpose: The aims of this study were to examine the work, client, and personal environments of community health practitioners, including the level of their professional quality of life (ProQOL), and identify the factors affecting their ProQOL. Methods: Data were collected using a web-survey questionnaire, which was completed by a sample of 308 community health practitioners currently working in Korea. The questionnaire included items on ProQOL; three dimensions labeled compassion satisfaction, burn out, and secondary traumatic stress; job stress; job satisfaction; sense of community; and general characteristics. Results: The mean scores for the three dimensions were $39.2{\pm}6.44$ (compassion satisfaction), $31.9{\pm}3.59$ (burn out), and $26.4{\pm}5.05$ (secondary traumatic stress). A multiple linear regression revealed that compassion satisfaction varied significantly according to the satisfaction with job choice, sense of community, job stress, and job satisfaction. The factors affecting burn out were sense of community and work load, while the factors affecting secondary traumatic stress were education, job stress, and job satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that comprehensive intervention focusing on improving the sense of community and job satisfaction and reducing job stress is essential to promote community health practitioners' ProQOL.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.336-340
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• 2019

Background/Aims: Victim advocates are at risk of developing secondary traumatic stress (STS), which can result from witnessing or listening to accounts of traumatic events. This study investigated the relationship between victim status, years of experience, hours of direct contact with victims, and availability of workplace supports in the development of STS. Results: Of the 142 victim advocates, 134 were women. Regression analyses revealed that the only significant predictor of STS was the number of direct hours of victim services provided. Conclusion: The findings from this study found that women have high rates of STS and that more workplace support needs to be implemented.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.290-301
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the level of emotional labor, job stress and professional quality of life and to identify the factors affecting on professional quality of life among nurses in long-term care hospitals. Methods: 136 nurses working at eight different long-term care hospitals were recruited from May 1 to June 30, 2016. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 22.0. Results: Professional quality of life is consisted of three subcategories as compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress and burn-out. As for the factors affecting on compassion satisfaction, age, satisfaction on working ward and shift pattern of duties were significant factors. The three variables' explanation power on compassion satisfaction was 25.0%. As for factors affecting on secondary traumatic stress, emotional labor was a significant factor. The emotional labor's explanation power on secondary traumatic stress was 13.0%. Factors affecting on burn-out, emotional labor, age, and health condition were significant factors. The three variables' explanation power on burnout is 31.0%. Conclusion: On the basis of results, program development are required to relieve emotional labor and job stress for nurses at long-term care hospitals and to improve their professional quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.33-57
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• 2011

This study aims to evaluate psychometric properties of the korean version of the secondary traumatic stress scale. A total of 238 practitioners in child protection agencies are recruited using complete enumeration method. The psychometric properties of the instrument are tested by item-analysis, exploratory factor analysis,(EFA) and convergent and construct validity. The results show that the internal consistency values for the two dimensions of the K-STSS are good. While the convergent and discriminant validity is empirically confirmed, the construct validity is not supported. The EFA with the common factor analysis method reveals the factor structure in the observed variables. The findings of the study confirmed that although it was reliable and discriminant, the K-STSS needed to be explored more in a way to support construct validity.